COMPARE AND OR CONTRAST THE EFFECTS OF THE SETTING ON THE MAIN Essay

Think about AND OR CONTRAST THE EFFECTS OF THE SETTING ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS OF THE FOLLOWING TWO SHORT STORIES. THE LAST LEAF, BY WILLIAM SIDNEY PORTER (O. HEN - Essay Example To represent the different manners by which setting can be utilized to recognize and form the characters of a story, we will thoroughly analyze the impacts of setting on the fundamental characters engaged with William Sidney Porter’s â€Å"The Last Leaf† (O. Henry) and Nadine Gordimer’s â€Å"The Ultimate Safari.† In â€Å"The Last Leaf,† the story opens with a portrayal of the â€Å"crazy and broken† lanes that â€Å"make weird points and curves.† Immediately the peruser is set at the top of the priority list of either a separated piece of town or an artist’s mecca, which surely this neighborhood has become as we learn in the extremely next section. As the territory becomes related with specialists in the reader’s mind, a thought of the way of life of the zone turns out to be clear. With this relationship to the place where there is creative mind, inventiveness and pretend, the peruser is progressively disposed to trust one of the fundamental characters, Johnsy, would genuinely kick the bucket once the last leaf tumbled from the ivy vines outside her window. This conviction is, somewhat, additionally shared by her flat mate Sudie and their ground floor neighbor, Mr. Behrman. Understanding that Sudie’s dread in regards to the vine is sufficiently able to make reference to her anxiety to their neighbor shows this conviction of her roommate’s is at any rate mostly convincing to the character. This is additionally underlined as Sudie and Mr. Behrman â€Å"peered out the window dreadfully at the ivy vine. At that point they took a gander at one another for a second without speaking.† Mr. Behrman’s last perfect work of art is additionally a sign of exactly the amount he gets tied up with the idea of a craftsman who may kick the bucket basically dependent on her feelings. To differentiate against this culture, this confidence in the intensity of the vine to number out the time Johnsy has left to live, isn't shared by the great specialist, who isn't a piece of the craftsman culture and can't comprehend a lady who might live so as to some time or another paint the narrows of Naples yet not for the desire for a decent man. Be that as it may, he is a decent specialist who

Concurrent Processes In Operating Systems

Simultaneous Processes In Operating Systems The programming procedure, to utilize hinders to reenact the simultaneous execution of a few projects on Atlas PCs was known as multiprogramming. It was spearheaded by Tom Kilburn and David Howarth. Multiprogramming in early days was finished utilizing get together level language. Scarcest slip-up in projects could make program capricious henceforth testing them was troublesome likewise the get together level language had no reasonable establishment. Working frameworks structured utilizing this multiprogramming strategies became extremely enormous and flighty their originators talked about programming emergency. This made a pressing innovative work requirement for simultaneous programming strategies. PC researchers ventured out understanding the issues identified with simultaneous programming during mid 1960s, they found essential ideas, communicated them by programming documentation, remembered them for programming dialects and utilized these dialects to compose the model working frameworks. These equivalent ideas were then applied to any type of equal figuring. Presentation of Concurrent procedures in working frameworks Procedures assumed a key job in molding early working frameworks. They were for the most part run in a carefully consecutive request. Multiprogramming existed yet the procedures didn't actually run simultaneously rather a period based instrument was utilized in which a constrained measure of time was given to each procedure. Indeed, even in those days the processors speed was quick enough to give and dream that the various procedures were running simultaneously. They were called as timesharing or multiprogramming working frameworks (November 1961, called CTSS Compatible Time-Sharing System likewise Multics the ancestors of UNIX created by MIT) These sort working frameworks were extremely well known and were viewed as a forward leap during those occasions. The significant disadvantage was intricacy of the framework structure which made it hard to make it increasingly adaptable and adaptable with the goal that a solitary universally handy OS could be fabricated. Additionally the asset sharing done by these procedures was crude or wasteful and it just appeared there was a great deal of space for innovative work. Work on these working frameworks cleared a path for simultaneous procedures. A large portion of the first ideas identified with simultaneousness were created during this period. These imaginative thoughts and ideas went on become the essential standards on which todays working frameworks and simultaneous applications are structured. (A significant venture attempted by IBM toward this path was in 1964 the OS/360 for their new centralized servers framework 360) To construct dependable simultaneous procedures understanding and creating fundamental ideas for simultaneousness was significant let us talk about simultaneousness and a portion of its essential programming ideas. Simultaneousness In software engineering, simultaneousness is a property of frameworks where a few calculations are executing all the while, and conceivably cooperating with one another. [Wikipedia] Let us consider a genuine model a lodging venture, for example, the structure of a house will require some work to go on in corresponding with different works. On a fundamental level, an undertaking like structure a house doesn't require any simultaneous movement, yet an alluring component of such a venture is, that the entire assignment can be finished in shorter time by permitting different sub errands to be completed simultaneously. There is no explanation any painter can't paint the house from outside (assuming the rainclouds hold back!), while the plasterer is occupied in the upstairs rooms and the joiner is fitting the kitchen units ground floor. There are anyway a few limitations on simultaneousness which is conceivable. The block layer will typically need to hold up until the establishment of the house had been layered before he could start the errand of building the dividers. The different undertakings associated with such a venture can for the most part be viewed as free of each other, however the booking of the assignments is compelled by thoughts of an errand An unquestionable requirement be finished before task B can start A subsequent model is that of a railroad organize. Various trains making ventures inside a railroad arrange, and by diverge from the past model, when they start and they end is commonly free of the vast majority of different excursions. Where the excursions connect however is at places where courses cross or utilize regular segments of track for parts of excursions. We can in this model see the development of trains as projects in execution, and the segments of track as the assets which these projects could possibly need to impart to different projects. Consequently the two trains run simultaneously on the off chance that their courses communicate having similar assets without intruding on one another like simultaneous procedures in working frameworks. So as talked about before we comprehend that procedures are essential to actualize simultaneousness so let us examine the procedure as an idea which will acquaint us with the most significant idea for simultaneousness for example strings! Principal ideas Procedure A procedure is a running project; OS monitors running projects in type of procedures and their information. A procedure is made of various strings. Strings The need to compose simultaneous applications presented strings. At the end of the day, strings are forms that share a solitary location space. Each string has its own program counter and stack. Strings are frequently called lightweight procedures as N strings have 1 page table, 1 location space and 1 PID while N forms have N page tables, N address spaces and N PIDs. Along these lines, an arrangement of executing guidelines is known as a string that runs autonomously of different strings but can impart information to different strings straightforwardly. A string is contained inside a procedure. There can exist various strings inside a procedure that share assets like memory, while various procedures don't share these assets. A straightforward string model There are two classes characterized in this model to be specific SimpleThread which is a subclass of the Thread class and TwoThreads class. class SimpleThread expands Thread { open SimpleThread(String str) { super(str); } open void run() { for (int I = 0; I { System.out.println(i + getName()); Attempt { sleep((int)(Math.random() * 1000)); } get (InterruptedException e) {} } System.out.println(DONE! + getName()); } } The strategy SimpleThread() is a constructor which sets the Threads name utilized later in the program. The activity happens in the run() technique which contains a for circle that emphasizes multiple times that shows the emphasis number and the name of the Thread, at that point dozes for an irregular interim of as long as a second. The TwoThreads class gives a principle() technique that makes two SimpleThread strings named London and NewYork. class TwoThreads { open static void principle (String[] args) { new SimpleThread(London).start(); new SimpleThread(NewYork).start(); } } The principle() technique likewise begins each string promptly following its development by calling the beginning() strategy. Following ideas are generally utilized at the string level and furthermore the issues examined are experienced while executing simultaneousness. Race condition A race condition happens when different procedures get to and control similar information simultaneously, and the result of the execution relies upon the specific request wherein the entrance takes place.[http://www.topbits.com/race-condition.html] It isn't so natural to distinguish race condition during program execution on the off chance that it is seen that the estimation of shared factors is flighty, it might be caused due to race condition. In simultaneous programming there are more than one legitimate conceivable string executions thus request of string execution can't be anticipated. Race condition may deliver unsure outcomes. Result of race condition may happen after quite a while. So as to forestall unusual outcomes due to race condition, following strategies are utilized Common rejection Shared rejection (frequently condensed to mutex) calculations are utilized in simultaneous programming to maintain a strategic distance from the synchronous utilization of a typical asset, for example, a worldwide variable, by bits of PC code called basic segments. (Wikipedia) - Critical Region (CR) A piece of code that is constantly executed under common prohibition is known as a basic district. Because of this, the compiler rather than the developer should watch that the asset is nor being utilized nor alluded to outside its basic districts. While programming, basic area lives when semaphores are utilized. CRs are required just if the information is writeable. It comprises of two sections: Factors: These must be gotten to under shared avoidance. New dialect articulation: It distinguishes a basic area that approaches factors. There are two procedures in particular An and B that contain basic locales for example the code where shared information is decipherable and writable. - Semaphores Semaphores are components which secure basic areas and can be utilized to execute condition synchronization. Semaphore typifies the common variable and utilizing semaphore, just permitted set of activities can be completed. It can suspend or wake forms. The two activities performed utilizing semaphores are pause and sign, otherwise called P and V individually. At the point when a procedure performs P activity it advises semaphore that it needs to utilize the common asset, if the semaphore is free the procedure accesses the mutual variable and semaphore is decremented by one else the procedure is deferred. On the off chance that V activity is performed, at that point the procedure advises the semaphore that it has completed the process of utilizing shared variable and semaphore esteem is augmented by one. By utilizing semaphores, we endeavor to maintain a strategic distance from other multi-programming issue of Starvation. There are two sorts of Semaphores: Paired semaphores: Control access to a solitary asset, taking the estimation of 0 (asset is being used) or 1 (asset is accessible). Tallying semaphores: Control access to different assets, along these lines expecting a scope of nonnegative qualities. - Locks The most widely recognized approach to

The Day My Dad Didnt Make it Home from Work - by Marianne Worley, Business Writing Consultant at The Essay Expert

The Day My Dad Didnt Make it Home from Work - by Marianne Worley, Business Writing Consultant at The Essay Expert [Reposted with the permission of the very talented business/marketing writer Marianne Worley, consultant at The Essay Expert. This poignant story was originally posted on her blog, Marketing Matters and Other Stories. I didnt even have to think before asking her if I could post it to The Essay Experts blog on Memorial Day.] The day was Monday, April 21, 2008. My phone rang just after 9pm. I checked the caller IDâ€"it was my brother Nolan. Instinctively, I knew something was wrong, very wrong. My Dad had been in an accident and was being taken to a hospital about 20 miles north of my house. We didn’t know anything more. I quickly got dressed, jumped in my car, and hit the gas pedal. About 5 minutes later, my brother called again. Now Dad was being transported by helicopter to the much larger hospital just a few miles from my house. I got off the freeway and drove back the other way. My brother, sister-in-law, and I arrived at the hospital around the same time. The helicopter was still in flight, so we staked out seats in the busy emergency room to wait, still perplexed about what had happened to our Dad. After my stepmom and sister rushed in, we learned the whole story. My Dad usually came home from work around 5 or 6, so when it started to get dark and he still wasn’t home, my stepmom picked up the phone to make some increasingly frantic calls. My Dad was notorious for sporadically answering cell calls. As a contractor, he was constantly breaking and losing mobile phones. She wasn’t surprised when he didn’t answer, so she dialed his friends and clients. He had left the job site hours earlier, but no one knew where he was. My stepmom and sister decided to drive to the job site to look for him. They found his empty work truck on the side of the road with the driver’s side door open. They called 911 and nearby friends who could help with the search. There was a small creek parallel to the road with a steep bank covered in thick, muddy vegetation. My athletic sister charged down the hill and found him lying unconscious in the creek, pale and covered with dirt. The paramedics pulled him up on a rescue stretcher and loaded him into the helicopter. This process doesn’t take a few minutes, like it does on TV and in the movies. The rescue actually took more than an hour. The helicopter finally arrived, but still we knew nothing about his condition. We assumed it was a stroke, or something similar. When they finally let us in to see him, we discovered that he had suffered some sort of episode, possibly a seizure, and was experiencing pronounced weakness on one side of his body. It looked like a stroke, but he was stable. So they admitted him and scheduled an MRI for the next morning. The following day, the doctors confirmed that the MRI results showed that it looked like a stroke. We felt relieved. We knew a brain tumor would be a much more deadly diagnosis. But they still wanted to get a new MRI, with contrast, the next day to be sure. On Wednesday, April 23, 2008, our lives changed forever. The new MRI showed that it wasn’t a strokeâ€"it was a brain tumor. They called in a neurosurgeon for a consultation. My education in neurology commenced that day. I carried a notebook at all times. I scribbled down details from the doctors during the day and did online research at night. Over the next 7 months, my Dad had a biopsy and was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Our doctor decided to treat with radiation and chemotherapy, not surgery. I knew that without surgery, the 6-month survival rate was almost zero. When I pressed him, he said he could do the surgery if we got a second opinion from one of the neurosurgeons he recommended. After many phone calls, I got an appointment with one of the top experts in the country at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles. The neurosurgeon just needed to see my Dad’s (now enormous) medical file, along with all of his MRI results. We got his opinion, and my Dad had surgery to remove the tumor. Although the surgery was successful, he still needed radiation and chemo to stave off regrowth, which is incredibly common. I researched clinical trials and spoke to doctors at UCLA and UC San Francisco. My Dad didn’t qualify for any trials and his prognosis was grave. By September, the tumor was back, bigger than before. We tried some experimental chemo drugs, but nothing helped. My Dad wasted away before our eyes, until we finally called in hospice care in November. On December 3rd, the hospice nurse told us that the end was near, so we gathered together to say goodbye. We stayed up pretty late, but finally succumbed to our own fatigue and reluctantly went to bed. Just before 4:30am, I awoke suddenly and sat bolt upright. I went downstairs and the nurse told me she had just checked on my Dadâ€"he was still hanging in there. When I went to his bedside, I touched his hands and face. I didn’t think he was breathing, so I woke up my stepmom, who had decided to take a quick nap just minutes before. He was gone. We all gathered around his bed and cried again. A week or so later, my sister Whitney and I, always the Daddy’s-Little-Girl types, decided to get tattoos to celebrate our Dad’s life. She got an elegant “W” and I got an infinity sign with a “W” in the middle. Worley forever. My Dad was never called to battle in Vietnam, but that doesn’t mean he didn’t fight a war. So on this Memorial Day, I remember all who have fallen in war, including the continuing war on cancer. ____________________ I haven’t met anyone who hasn’t been touched in some way by cancer. The next time you’re thinking about making a cash donation to a charity, please consider one of the organizations in the fight against cancer, including the American Brain Tumor Association. Thanks for reading this very personal story. I’m sharing it because it shaped who I am today. Many thanks to my fellow blogger The JackBâ€"his post from yesterday inspired me to write this. I haven’t met anyone who hasn’t been touched in some way by cancer. The next time you’re thinking about making a cash donation to a charity, please consider one of the organizations in the fight against cancer, including the American Brain Tumor Association.

Short Story - 896 Words

When you’re back from the runs you dont feel better. Your legs havent gotten stronger like your wifes. Your abdomen, after an entire month, looks the same. Not any flatter. You have this weird habit now. At work functions, at the grocery store, at the Irish pub you stop at on Friday nights, you examine two people who seem like a pair. You weigh their looks against the other. Does her big nose compensate for his double chin? If they stood next to each other, could you point out the flaws, the beautiful things in both of them separately? Is there an even amount? Most of the time there is, but when theres not, it rocks your world. As you drive home alone from the Burton’s anniversary party one night, you remember their wedding. Margaret†¦show more content†¦She asks once, in the winter, if she can come and what you want to say is, As soon as you stop this running nonsense, this losing weight, this showering in our dead sons bathroom. You tell her someone needs to watch the house instead. You go for the longest time in the spring. A week and a half. When you tell Margaret, she doesnt look up from folding laundry. You ask if she heard you and when she doesnt answer right away, you think of her backside, nude, standing before the shower that one morning a few years ago. You wonder if her mind still lingers there too. I heard you, she says quietly, but her voice is a robot’s. It could care less. You arrive at your parents’ condo. The complex with its gardens of cigarette butts, its overflowing garbage cans, always makes you wonder if anyone there thinks about happiness, if they have it, if they care to have it. After River’s funeral, your parents stayed at your house for a week. They havent been back since. You want to tell them the house is still spotless, just as they left it. All your wife does is run and clean. Instead, you sit with them on the back balcony every night and let the silence hover, turn into comfort. A glass of spiked lemonade is placed before you during these silences and when its gone your mother always refills it. By the time youre at the condo pool on a Saturday, two days before the trip is over, youre buzzed. The drinks wereShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Positive Effect of Peer Pressure - 954 Words

- CONCEPT PAPER GUIDELINES I. TITLE Positive effect of peer pressure to teens II. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study As children grow into preteens and then into teenagers, they often become less dependent on the family and more dependent on their peers when it comes to making choices and developing morals and values. Peer pressure can have a positive effect when it encourages teens to develop social skills necessary for adulthood. Unfortunately, negative behaviours tend to travel through groups of teenagers, either due to actual peer pressure or the perception of pressure from friends. By having a close relationship with your teen and by providing†¦show more content†¦It is in the framework where the present research problem under study evolved. 2. Authors of these theories and principles should be cited. As much as possible research findings and theories should beShow MoreRelatedPositive Effect of Peer Pressure962 Words   |  4 Pages CONCEPT PAPER GUIDELINES I. TITLE Positive effect of peer pressure to teens II. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study As children grow into preteens and then into teenagers, they often become less dependent on the family and more dependent on their peers when it comes to making choices and developing morals and values. Peer pressure can have a positive effect when it encourages teens to develop social skills necessary for adulthood. UnfortunatelyRead MorePositive Effects of Peer Pressure Essay561 Words   |  3 PagesPositive Effects of Peer Pressure When you think of the words â€Å"peer pressure’, what is the first thing that comes to mind? Majority of us would say that peer pressure is an influence from friends or classmates to do something risky that results in delinquent activities. Some people conform to such ways because as they say, â€Å"Everyone is doing it.† What if I told you that there is a positive side to peer pressure? Yes, you can be pressured into making the right choices. It can teach you to be matureRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Peer Pressure1479 Words   |  6 PagesPeer pressure is a social issue that has been around in the past and will last in the future. It is one thing that all teenagers have in common. It is highly influential with positive and negative effects. Some teenagers are more likely to give in whereas others are more likely to stand their ground. The feeling of belonging and social acceptance is considered very important, while social rejection and exclusions are very much feared. Peer pressure is defined as a feeling of pressure to engageRead MoreA Standard Multiple Regression Was Performed Investigating The Effect Of Age710 Words   |  3 PagesA standard multiple regression was performed investigating the effects of age, gender, perceived peer pressure about environmentally conscious behaviour, and selfishness on participation in environmentally conscious behaviour. Preliminary results indicated that higher scores on peer pressure were associated with higher scores on behaviour. Results also indicated that there were no significant relationships between scores on age, gender or selfishness, and scores on behaviour. Results indicated thatRead MorePeer Presure at School794 Words   |  3 PagesPeer Pressure at School Every human being has an inner feeling of wanting to belong somewhere. Even belonging to one’s family is not enough. Individual will strive to belong to a wider group existing within his or her environment. Consequently, this exposes one to peer pressure. Peer pressure is the influence exerted on an individual by a person or a group to do something or act in a manner that he or she would otherwise not consider doing on his or her own. 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Teenagers feel social pressure in numerous ways such as clothing, music and entertainment choices, to unsafe areas such as drugs, alcohol and smoking. During adolescence, kids emphasize their independence and explore their identity. Yet they still crave the approval of their peers and worryRead MorePeer Pressure1013 Words   |  5 PagesPeer pressure From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Peer pressure is influence that a peer group, observers or individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform the group norms. Social groups affected include membership groups, in which individuals are formally members (such as political parties and trade unions), or social cliques in which membership is not clearly defined. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to theseRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Peer Pressure1532 Words   |  7 Pages Peer Pressure: An Epidemic We all have been young adolescents before and experienced all the things junior high and high school has to offer. Being a teenager is something everyone has or will experience in our life times. Teenagers go through a crucial time in their lives where they really figure out who they are and how to make more adult decisions. Peer pressure has always been a regular part of teenage life. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry states â€Å"Peers play a large roleRead MorePeer Pressure Affects Academic Performance of Second Year Students1117 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Peer Pressure Affects Academic Performance of Second Year Students Dependent Variable: Academic performance of second year students Independent Variable: Peer Pressure Objective: To know how academic performance among second year high school students is being affected by peer pressure. Introduction: To be successful in life, one must begin by being successful in school. In high school, we were all told to work hard so that we could get good grades and scores that would get

Human Rights Problem Free Essays

string(64) " favor their own ethnic groups and ethnic favoritism persisted\." On May 21, 1999, a local road construction company, Dumez Limited, attacked a group of peaceful protesters with clubs, daggers, axes, machetes, and other dangerous weapons. Tension began to arise when on April 26, 1999 the company began destroying newly planted crops of local farmers in the Ogoni kingdom of Gokana. They did so without paying adequate compensation for the crops or carrying out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the road project, as required by international environmental standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now On May 8, 1998, a Human Rights Defender, Olisa Agbakoba, was arrested at Murtala International Airport in Lagos. The arresting officers were members of the Security Force, an agency of the Nigerian government. No reason for his arrest was given. This arrest was preceded by an earlier encounter in March 1998 where he was attacked and arrested by members of the Nigerian Police when he tried to speak at a pro-democracy rally in Yaba, Lagos. On January 8th and March 23rd of 1998, Batom Mitee and Barileresi Mitee who are brothers of Ledum Mitee, President of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), were arrested. No charges were ever given for their arrests. Batum Mitee was kept detained for several weeks without having access to his lawyers, his family, or a doctor. On January 18, 1998 he was brought before a judge who declared that the case was not within his competence because of its political character. Mitee was later transferred to a military hospital because of the beatings and ill treatment inflicted by the military. These incidents of brutality and harassment are just a few examples of the abuse by members of the police, security forces, and Nigerian government and how it remains to be a persistent human rights problem. There are numerous underlying factors that contribute to the problem of human rights in Nigeria. One the major factors is that of religion. Religious differences often correspond to regional and ethnic differences. For example, the northern region is overwhelmingly Muslim, as are the large Hausa and Fulani ethnic groups of that area. Many southern ethnic groups are predominantly Christian. About half the country†s population practice Islam and about 40% practice Christianity. Approximately 10% practice exclusively traditional indigenous religions or no religion at all. Many persons practice both elements of Christianity or Islam and elements of an indigenous traditional religion. Consequently, it is difficult to distinguish religious discrimination from ethnic and regional discrimination, which is pervasive. Although the government has never outlawed proselytizing, it continues to discourage and criticize it publicly because it believes that it stimulates religious tensions. Both Christian and Muslim organizations allege that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Immigration Department restricted the entry into the country of certain religious practitioners, particularly persons suspected of intending to proselytize. Consequently, Nigeria†s constitution prohibits state and local governments from adopting an official religion. Though Nigerian law prohibits religious discrimination, it is common for government officials to discriminate against persons who practice a religion different from their own, notably in hiring or awarding contracts. There have been documented reports of harassment of Christian missions by local government officials in predominantly Islamic regions. In April and again in August 1998, the local council of Lafia, in Nasarawa State, reportedly ordered the closure of a Protestant Christian mission church in connection with a dispute about the mission†s title to the land. In March 1998, State Security Service officers detained and interrogated the mission†s pastor. The mission sought to convert members of the generally Islamic Kambari ethnic group. The lack of concern for the environment and the people that it affects has also been a major concern in the struggle for human rights. Since 1958, oil companies such as Shell have exploited oil wealth in the region of the Ogoni people. As a consequence, they have suffered extreme economic deprivation and the environmental devastation of their land. Since Shell began drilling in Nigeria†s Niger Delta, it has spilled oil on farmland and in water sources, bulldozed across farms and flared gas just meters from Ogoni villages. The people of Ogoniland suffer extreme health problems from the air and water pollution. The Nigerian military has played a significant role in the continued persecution of the Ogoni. When the Ogoni began to demand environmental justice, villages were attacked, villagers were killed and their leader was executed by the judgment of a military court. Shell has even admitted to paying the military, which brutally silences voices crying for justice from the government of Nigeria and Shell, along with other multinational oil corporations. Shell is only one of many multinational oil corporations operating in Nigeria. Mobil, Chevron, and Texaco are also found in Nigeria, operating as partners of the Nigerian government, as required by Nigerian law. â€Å"Shell is certainly not the only Oil Corporation that abuses its money, power, and feeling of superiority over the people of Nigeria. † The country†s population of about 120 million is ethnically diverse, comprising more than 250 ethnic groups, many of which speak distinct primary languages and are concentrated geographically. There is no majority ethnic group. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa-Fulani of the north, Yoruba of the southwest, and Igbos of the southeast, who together make up about two-thirds of the population. The fourth largest group, the Ijaw, has a population of approximately 12 million. â€Å"Societal discrimination on the basis of ethnicity is widely practiced by members of all ethnic groups and is evident in private sector hiring patterns, de facto ethnic segregation of urban neighborhoods and a continuing paucity of marriage across major ethnic and regional lines. There is a long history of tension among diverse ethnic groups. Although the country†s successive constitutions all have prohibited ethnic discrimination by the State, northerners and particularly Hausas have long been predominant in the national government, including the military officer corps. Tradition continued to impose considerable pressure on individual government officials to favor their own ethnic groups and ethnic favoritism persisted. You read "Human Rights Problem" in category "Essay examples" Resentment of northern domination of the Government aggravated by the suspension of federal decentralization under the Abacha regime and resentment of Igbo success in private commerce, have contributed to ethnic and regional tensions. Possibly the most controversial issue within Nigeria is that of the political structure of the government. Since Nigeria received its independence from Britain, in 1960, there has been conflict in regards to the military and authoritarian system of government that existed. The citizens of Nigeria have longed for a democratic system of government that included themselves as active proponents. Nigeria became a Republic in 1963 and Nnamdi Azikiwe was made the President of the Federal Republic. In January of 1966, some Igbo army officials staged a coup d†etat to overthrow the government, who were primarily Hausa, because they objected to the population census. They felt it over estimated that number of people in the northern region thereby giving them a larger representation in the federal parliament. They succeeded in killing many of the senior officers but Azikiwe was not harmed. As a result of the attempted coup, the government promised a progressive program, a return to civilian rule determined by elections, and vowed to stamp out corruption and violence. Though idealistic in theory, these promises were never realized. Instead, it became the common practice of the government to consider democracy, but continue to practice authoritarian rule. Nigeria would bear witness to numerous coup attempts over the next three decades, most involving the transition to democracy. It wasn†t until the death of Sani Abacha, possibly the most famous President of Nigeria, in June 1998 that civilian rule would be realized. A new transition program was established that would lead the country back to democracy by Abdulsalam Abubakar, the man chosen to replace Abacha. After a series of elections, Olusegun Obasanjo was declared the new and current, democratically elected president on May 29, 1999. At the end of May 1999, Nigeria completed its transition from authoritarian rule to a formal democracy. A number of Nigerian groups have managed to create strong institutional structures, with narrowly defined mandates and internal staff structures as well as program plans. While there are still growing pains within many of these groups, this type of planning process has resulted in â€Å"the Nigerian human rights community†s being far ahead of its anglophone neighbors in putting human rights institutions into place. † The Center for Advanced Social Sciences (CASS) was formed in 1992 and is based in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. CASS is a think tank concerned with improving management and public policy in Africa. It has a Board of Trustees and is governed by an international Board of Directors. The Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), established in 1987, is one of Nigeria†s largest human rights organizations. The CLO is a non-governmental organization set up for the defense and expansion of human rights and civil liberties. It investigates human rights abuses and campaigns through litigation, publications, and communications with the government on behalf of people whose rights have been abused. Another human rights advocate is the Constitutional Rights Project (CRP) that was set up in 1990. Their aims are to ensure that Nigerian legislation conforms to international standards, monitor institutions whose activity impact on the rights of citizens, and to provide legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses. The cry for human rights reform in Nigeria hasn†t fallen on deaf ears from those of the international community. On November 12, 1998 the 53rd session of the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) met to discuss the situation of human rights in Nigeria. The General Assembly reaffirmed that Nigeria is a party to the International Covenant on Human Rights and thereby making it a Member State. All Member States have an obligation to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Nigerian government was â€Å"strongly encouraged† that the establishment and strengthening of national structures and institutions in the field of human rights are of the utmost importance for the promotion and protection of human rights in Nigeria. The sanctions imposed on Nigerian government by the European Union, the Commonwealth and the government of the United States of America were to be lifted in light of the progress made towards the restoration of democratic government and respect for human rights. The Nigerian government in its transition to democracy was applauded for its establishment of the Independent National Electoral Commission and the issuance of a detailed timetable for the election process. Overall, the UN General Assembly was satisfied with the progress of the Nigerian government in its transition to democracy. Nigeria has seen some very turbulent times in its history as it relates to democracy and human rights. Democracy consolidation, which appears to be the most immediate challenge for the human rights movement in post transition Nigeria, will require forward thinking and cohesive action on the part of the human rights community. It has been clearly demonstrated that in Africa relatively free and fair elections observed by international monitor and elaborate â€Å"handing over ceremonies† will not necessarily bring about genuine democracy and a human rights culture. Civil society organizations will have to work gradually to expand the democratic space and rebuild the institutions of civil society. The long years of military dictatorship have decimated these institutions and virtually erased the rule of law according to AFRONET Reports. Though politicians glibly vocalize democratic jargon, it is still evident that democratic values and attitudes are not yet commonplace in the political class. Also, among ordinary Nigerians, popular mentalities need to change; the people have become accustomed to not expecting anything but the worst from their leaders in terms of political leadership, economic management and respect for civil liberties and human dignity. The average Nigerian has been driven by economic hardship to adopt a survivalist mode of life in which he or she is preoccupied with access to the bare necessities of life and does not demand or expect accountability or respect for human rights from their leaders. The Nigerian government, though its history is not favorable, is making sincere efforts to overwrite its history. But unless the human rights community and the people they represent adopt a more positive attitude towards its government, change can not be realized. How to cite Human Rights Problem, Essay examples

Significance of Organisation Culture in an Organisation free essay sample

With respect to several researchers and authors analysis a close link has been made between organisational culture and corporate performance. Some of the research studies have established a very close link between the two and concluded that it does exist (Denison 1990; Gordon DiTomaso 1992; Kotter Heskett; Petty et al. 1995; Wilderom Vanden Berg. ) Variety of definitions have been used to define â€Å"Organisation Culture† In simple words it maybe well defined as the customs, behaviours and artifacts that the members of society use to communicate with the world from one another and is transmitted to one another through the mode of culture. The surroundings of an organization maybe judged on the pattern of responses publicized, developed, or conjured during the groups record of dealing with problems which may arise from relations along with its members among them and their environment. A commendable organization culture gives us the â€Å"sense† of an organization and determines what is considered right or wrong and how it responds to the unforeseen crisis, jolts, and sudden change. All new employees must assimilate this code to know the correct way to behave and what to expect from other employees. Organizational culture is the sum total of an organizations past and current assumptions, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and are expressed in its sense of self, inner workings, relations with the outer world, and future expectations it manifests in (1) The ways the organization conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community, (2) The extent to which autonomy and freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal expression, 3) How power and information flow through its hierarchy, (4) The strength of employee commitment towards collective objectives. In simple words it may be termed as â€Å"Its how we do things here,† it is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to change. To run a business sound and effectual decisions are obligatory. The achievement of business and its expansion is extensively dependent on the management of any organization. Most of the flourishing busines ses are good examples of good management and its effectiveness. It is the management that can boost the business to extreme heights or bring it down to decline. Management  takes care of the decisions that are made and carried out within an organization. The term management also refers to the executives who make these decisions. This particular kind of organization is of relatively recent origin. Management must systematize the firm and choose and train human resources. It must synchronize production, purchasing, research sales and finance. It must plan for future growth and development of the firm. A good administration panel organize  a chain of command by means of which it divides responsibility and delegates authority. A number of scholars have developed integrative frameworks of organizational culture (Allaire and Firsirotu, 1984; Hatch, 1993; Martin, 1992; Ott, 1989; Schein, 1985, 1990), but slight consent exists with consideration to a specific theory. Since culture is a complex phenomenon, ranging from underlying beliefs and assumptions to visible structures and practices, some observers question whether culture can actually be â€Å"measured† in a comparative sense. Research on the link between organizational culture and efficiency is also restricted by lack of conformity about the suitable course of efficiency. In Rajesh Tandon’s paper on Organisational Effectiveness – A Comparative Analysis he discusses briefly about how intricate few modern organisations systems are and how rapidly changes are being taken place. For their growth depends upon their internal and external factors with respect to their endurance and expansion capacity for how adequately it’s varying. Changes are being closer together for effective means of â€Å"recent validity†. In order to achieve the targets and clear the â€Å"excellence gap† organisations are moving forward through a complex social process. An analytical mechanism is to be intended which must be proficient of providing significant statistics about the environment and state of the administration. To, that degree the mechanism must be a contract for maintaining an equilibrium between simplification and specificity, that is, it must be able to act in response to the explicit environment which is on the basis of an appropriate presumption to establish its present state. Likert believes that such a capability can be introduced in an execution where by manufacturing it can be capable of measuring the outcome, dominant and calm variables and most appreciably their affairs as maintained in a management. Revolutions are being taken place and alternatives are being offered to for the effectiveness of an organisation as the extent to which an organization fulfills the objectives (Thibodeaus and Favilla, 1995). In Daniel R. Denison and Aniel. K Mishra paper â€Å"Organizational Culture and Effectiveness† purpose was to produce a trial representation of the culture qualities that come into sight that may portray efficient organizations. Their objective was to develop a precise presumption about culture and efficiency in organization that can broaden the hidden, but often outright themes that appear in many culture studies: The first uses qualitative studies of five organizations to widen proposition about four intellectual qualities and their connection to efficiency. The second then represents a quantitative test of these four proposition by comparing CEO’s insight of culture with biased and endeavour instrument of efficiency in 764 organizations. Crises are a useful vehicle with which we are able to assess team performance. By definition a crisis generates a substantial claim on the organisations that plays host to it. The administration of work and its effects has been a key motivating factor within an organisation psychology. hilosophy and principles instilled in them by means of their perceptive of the organisational culture of their company, it may directly affect the way in which they interact with not only fellow colleagues, but more importantly, outside entities such as customers, clients and suppliers. The values and beliefs of an organisation are an appearance of the kinds of goal that its members should strive to meet, as well as ideas about the standard of behaviour members should make use of in achieving these goals. From these organisational values will develop guidelines and expectations, prescribing the kinds of behaviour deemed appropriate for employees to demonstrate in particular situations, thus guiding and controlling the interaction of all members of the organisation will bring about a positive out come of so under all means. Therefore the effect of this will be to give an overall corporate â€Å"feel† to all internal and external interactions. Most managers are effectively introducing a new way of running into the culture of an organization often results in discontented employees which may not dwell into the new program. Staff resistance to the required change is often excessive and often a point that has led some researchers to suggest that it may be easier and less costly to start a completely new organization than to change an existing one (Thompson and Luthans, 1990). Adopting a TQM initiative in an organization is typical of such an effort to change the way an organization operates. Success requires extensive preparation and constant, total-staff commitment. Organizations should provide employees with an acknowledged, steady way of dealing with their environments (Wilson, 1989). Execution of alteration initiatives may become even more difficult when the organization is a public agency, as managers are forced to use nonmaterial rewards as incentives. An organisation culture plays a very important role in building up an organisation’s worth in the job market. To achieve the maximum bit of it core values must be expanded and translated into operating principles. Each member of an organization should be in easy-to-understand terms. Failure to have a shared code of conduct can produce disastrous results in any organization. Too often, organizations suffer from partial paralysis due to unclear operating principles. Without clear operating principles, meetings disintegrate into endurance sessions or grudge matches. Each member of the organization develops his or her own set of operating principles, generally based upon personal strengths. Controlled chaos reigns. Many have died from lack of clarity The functions of every individual of every team in any organization must be hooked into the Vision and Mission. A Code of Conduct helps an organization determine HOW they are going to do the WHAT. It is wise for an organization to expand its core values into operating principles to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the words themselves. For instance, in some organizations, the core value of honesty becomes a visible operating principle when associates tell clients the truth about a problem in their organizations instead of lying to gain a lucrative contract. The core value of caring becomes an operating principle as respect and concern is shown for each person with whom we work, regardless of his or her position. This simple procedure of expanding our values into a set of positive behaviours has, in effect, created a companys culture, resulting in a good reputation with customers and others in our community. Written operating principles are designed to take ambiguity out of core values.

Philomela by Matthew Arnold free essay sample

This poem is a mythological history of love and treason, a history that show the poet’s dramatic loneliness and alienation from the real world. The poetic voice speaks to an external self, comparing his passion and his pain with the eternal passions and pains of the world, always the same, represented by the myth of Philomela. It is then a clear declaration of what is poetry for the author, and by the use of mythological images he achieves an universal meaning through space and time. The poem has three stanzas of 4, 11, and 17 lines, with few rhymes and various patterns. The first part introduces the topology, the second adds the narrative elements with a link to the past, then, in the third stanza, the poet completes the narrative using rhetorical questions, obtaining a full fusion of himself with poetry and with the myth. First Stanza In the four lines of the first stanza the poet introduces the setting of the story he is going to tell/narrate. We will write a custom essay sample on Philomela by Matthew Arnold or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His imperative â€Å"Hark! †, repeated twice, is an invitation to listen the sing of the nightingale, a call to himself, a call to his world. Then the name of the mythical bird: â€Å"the nightingale†, a poetic symbol linked with the themes of love, betrayed love, revenge, and therefore rather a lament than a chant. At the same time the nightingale represents, over centuries, the superior art that can inspire the poet, a kind of romantic muse. The other symbolic object in this first part of the poem is the â€Å"cedar†, for it is well known the wide use of this aromatic wood in ancient Greece to build ships, thus two specific semantic fields can be found in the cedar tree: the classical Greek environment that the poet wants to create, and his ability to build his own art. The last line of this stanza, evaluated with the title of the poem, makes completely clear the images just given: triumph and pain together are the feelings transmitted by the mythical nightingale, by the myth of Philomela. Second Stanza The second stanza begins in perfect coherence with the setting of the first. The poet calls to a â€Å"wanderer†, a very topical noun for poets, rising/showing a feeling of surprise for something unexpected. Now the poetic voice is addressing directly the mythological bird, he calls it (the zoomorphic Philomela) â€Å"wanderer from a Grecian shore,† making a first personification from a human being into a nightingale that will be revealed in the following lines. After many years, and from the far land of Greece (line 6), the bird is here, where the poet can listen her â€Å"burst†. From line 7 the personification is complete, the poet states two rhetorical questions to define more and more who is the nightingale’s personification: it is Philomela. She is asked from the poetic voice if she is still suffering for an ancient, deep, intact pain, an â€Å"old-world pain† that gives all the sense of wideness of her eternal love suffering. The second question of this stanza recalls the reader where the poet is, a topological point of view that change the time and space setting: from Greece to England, from myth to reality. Now, Philomela, in the shape of a nightingale is here, with the poet, can the idyllic place be a â€Å"balm† for her sorrow? Third Stanza In the third stanza the poetic voice begins with one of the three interrogatives that will give the educated reader the whole scene of the mythological story the speaker is referencing to. It is the myth of Philomela and Procne, betrayed by Tereus. The zoomorphic personification reveals the identity of Philomela, now a nightingale, singing on the cedar tree, whose singing the poet can hear, getting from it a fresh inspiration for poetry. From line 16 to line 27, each question is an episode of the myth, the poetic voice asks for facts he already knows, recalling the events to increase the pathos in an hyperbole of emotion. Then, it is clear a double personification: the one of Philomela into a nightingale, and the one of the poet himself into the same mythical bird, as the muse of his poetic art. The last question (lines 22-27) gives to the reader a feeling of hysical materialization of Philomela, the word â€Å"assay† is in general relevant with substances, objects (or subject) that change shape and state, â€Å"the feathery change†: from human to fauna, from history to myth. And all this sorrow, for a betrayed love, â€Å"once more seem to make resound† in the city of Daulis, in the Cephis valley, the places where the tragedy happened. Now the very last interrogative (lines 28-30) is a call to Eugene. Who is Eugene? It is a name, but it is also a genus of the myrtle family plant, another main symbol in poetry. Thus it can be inferred that Eugene is the muse of the poet, the poetic inspiration that is in himself, the old and new world that, inside him and in the same time, drives him to â€Å"Eternal passion! † and to â€Å"Eternal pain! †. Conclusion Same last consideration about the metrical scheme and the main subject of this poem. This poem is part of a tradition destined to endure through time, it shows the theme of the incurable loneliness of the exiled artist from his ethereal country, trapped in the physical world but subdued to the desire of infinity, a being always balanced between elevation and fall.

Thomas C. Kinkaid - World War II US Navy Admiral

Thomas C. Kinkaid - World War II US Navy Admiral Early Life Career Born in Hanover, NH on April 3, 1888, Thomas Cassin Kinkaid was the son of Thomas Wright Kinkaid and his wife Virginia. An officer in the US Navy, the elder Kinkaid saw service at the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts (now University of New Hampshire) until 1889 when he received a posting to USS Pinta. A sea-going tug, Pinta operated out of Sitka and the assignment saw the entire Kinkaid family move to Alaska. Subsequent orders forced the family to live in Philadelphia, Norfolk, and Annapolis before settling in Washington, DC. While in the capital, the younger Kinkaid attended Western High School before departing for a preparatory school. Eager to follow in his fathers path, he sought an appointment to the US Naval Academy from President Theodore Roosevelt. Granted, Kinkaid commenced his naval career as a midshipman in 1904. A standout on the crew team, Kinkaid participated in a training cruise aboard Admiral David G. Farraguts former flagship, USS Hartford while at Annapolis. A middling student, he graduated ranked 136th in the 201-man Class of 1908. Ordered to San Francisco, Kinkaid joined the battleship USS Nebraska and took part in the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Returning in 1909, Kinkaid took his ensigns exams in 1910, but failed navigation. As a result, he spent the remainder of the year as a midshipman and studied for a second attempt at the exam. During this time, a friend of his father, Commander William Sims, encouraged Kinkaids interest in gunnery while the two served aboard USS Minnesota. Retaking the navigation exam in December, Kinkaid passed and received his ensigns commission in February 1911. Pursuing his interest in gunnery, he attended the Naval Postgraduate School in 1913 with a focus in ordnance. During his time in school, the US Navy commenced the occupation of Veracruz. This military action led to Kinkaid being posted to USS Machias for service in the Caribbean. While there, he took part in the 1916 occupation of the Dominican Republic before returning to his studies that December. World War I With his instruction complete, Kinkaid reported aboard the new battleship USS Pennsylvania in July 1916. Serving as a gunfire spotter, he received a promotion to lieutenant the following January. Aboard Pennsylvania when the US entered World War I in April 1917, Kinkaid came ashore in November when he was ordered to oversee the delivery of a new rangefinder to the Royal Navys Grand Fleet. Traveling to Britain, he spent two months working with the British to develop improved optics and rangefinders. Arriving back in the US in January 1918, Kinkaid was promoted to lieutenant commander and posted to the battleship USS Arizona. He remained on board for the remainder of the conflict and took part in the ships efforts to cover the Greek occupation of Smyrna in May 1919. The next few years saw Kinkaid move between assignments afloat and ashore. During this time, he became an avid writer on naval topics and had several articles published in the Naval Institutes Proceedings. Interwar Years On November 11, 1924, Kinkaid received his first command when he took over the destroyer USS Isherwood. This assignment proved brief as he moved to the Naval Gun Factory in Washington, DC in July 1925. Elevated to commander the following year, he returned to sea as gunnery officer and aide to the Commander-in-Chief, US Fleet, Admiral Henry A. Wiley. A rising star, Kinkaid entered the Naval War College in 1929. Completing the course of study, he attended the Geneva Disarmament Conference as a naval adviser to the State Department. Departing Europe, Kinkaid became executive officer of USS Colorado in 1933. Later that year, he aided relief efforts after a severe earthquake struck the Long Beach, CA area. Promoted to captain in 1937, Kinkaid took command of the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis. Completing his tour aboard the cruiser, he assumed the post of naval attachà © in Rome, Italy in November 1938. His portfolio was expanded the following year to include Yugoslavia. War Approaches From this post, Kinkaid provided accurate reports regarding Italys intentions and preparedness for combat in the months leading up to World War II. Remaining in Italy until March 1941, he returned to the US and accepted the somewhat junior post of Commander, Destroyer Squadron 8 with the goal of garnering additional command experience in the hopes of achieving flag rank. These efforts proved successful as Kinkaid performed well and was promoted to rear admiral in August. Later that year, he received orders to relieve Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher as commander of Cruiser Division Six which was based at Pearl Harbor. Traveling west, Kinkaid did not reach Hawaii until after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7. In the days that followed, Kinkaid observed Fletcher and took part in the attempted relief of Wake Island but did not assume command until December 29. War in the Pacific In May, Kinkaids cruisers served as the screening force for the carrier USS Lexington during the Battle of the Coral Sea. Though the carrier was lost in the fighting, Kinkaids efforts during the battle earned him the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. Detached after the Coral Sea, he led his ships north to rendezvous with Vice Admiral William Bull Halseys Task Force 16. Uniting with this force, Kinkaid later oversaw TF16s screen during the Battle of Midway in June. Later that summer, he assumed command of TF16, centered on the carrier USS Enterprise, despite lacking a background in naval aviation. Serving under Fletcher, Kinkaid led TF16 during the invasion of Guadalcanal and the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. In the course of the latter battle, Enterprise sustained three bomb hits which necessitated a return to Pearl Harbor for repairs. Awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal for his efforts, Kinkaid recommended that American carriers carry more fighter aircraft to aid in their defense. Returning to the Solomons in October, Kinkaid oversaw the American carriers during the Battle of Santa Cruz. In the fighting, Enterprise was damaged and USS Hornet was sunk. A tactical defeat, he was blamed by the fleets aviation officers for the carriers loss. On January 4, 1943, Kinkaid moved north to become Commander, North Pacific Force. Tasked with retaking the Aleutians from the Japanese, he overcame complicated inter-service command relationships to accomplish the mission. Liberating Attu in May, Kinkaid received a promotion to vice admiral in June. The success on Attu was followed by landings on Kiska in August. Coming ashore, Kinkaids men found that the enemy had abandoned the island. In November, Kinkaid received command of the Seventh Fleet and was appointed Commander Allied Naval Forces, Southwest Pacific Area. In this latter role, he reported to General Douglas MacArthur. A politically difficult position, Kinkaid was appointed due to his success at fostering inter-servic e cooperation in the Aleutians. MacArthurs Navy Working with MacArthur, Kinkaid assisted in the generals campaign along the northern coast of New Guinea. This saw Allied forces conduct over thirty-five amphibious operations. After Allied forces landed in the Admiralty Islands in early 1944, MacArthur began planning for a return to the Philippines at Leyte. For the operation against Leyte, Kinkaids Seventh Fleet received reinforcements from Admiral Chester W. Nimitzs US Pacific Fleet. In addition, Nimitz directed Halseys Third Fleet, which included the carriers of Vice Admiral Marc Mitschers TF38, to support the effort. While Kinkaid oversaw the assault and landings, Halseys ships were to provide cover from Japanese naval forces. In the resulting Battle of Leyte Gulf on October 23-26, confusion arose between the two naval commanders when Halsey moved away in pursuit of a Japanese carrier force. Unaware that the Halsey was out of position, Kinkaid focused his forces to the south and defeated a Japanese force at the Surigao Strait on the night of October 24/25. Later that day, elements of the Seventh Fleet came under heavy attack by Japanese surface forces led by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita. In a desperate action off Samar, Kinkaids ships held off the enemy until Kurita elected to withdraw. With the victory at Leyte, Kinkaids fleet continued to assist MacArthur as he campaigned through the Philippines. In January 1945, his ships covered Allied landings at Lingayen Gulf on Luzon and he received a promotion to admiral on April 3. That summer, Kinkaids fleet supported Allied efforts on Borneo. With the end of the war in August, Seventh Fleet landed troops in China and Korea. Returning to the United States, Kinkaid assumed command of the Eastern Sea Frontier and sat on a retirement board with Halsey, Mitscher, Spruance, and Admiral John Towers. In 1947, with the support of MacArthur, he received the Army Distinguished Service Medal in recognition of his efforts to aid the generals advance through New Guinea and the Philippines. Later Life Retiring on April 30, 1950, Kinkaid remained engaged by serving as the naval representative to the National Security Training Commission for six years. Active with the American Battle Monuments Commission, he attended the dedication of numerous American cemeteries in Europe and the Pacific. Kinkaid died at Bethesda Naval Hospital on November 17, 1972, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery four days later. Selected Sources World War II Database: Admiral Thomas C. KinkaidUSNHHC: Admiral Thomas C. KinkaidArlington Cemetery: Thomas C. Kinkaid

Political Science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Science - Research Paper Example Before we can call the Danish government conservative, we must first briefly discuss, What is conservatism? It can be basically divided into two parts: fiscal conservatism and social conservatism. For the purposes of this essay we will focus mostly on the former. Edmund Burke, the father of conservatism, once wrote: [I]t is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged. The claim of the citizen is prior in time, paramount in title, superior in equity. The fortunes of individuals, whether possessed by acquisition or by descent or in virtue of a participation in the goods of some community, were no part of the creditors security, expressed or implied...[T]he public, whether represented by a monarch or by a senate, can pledge nothing but the public estate; and it can have no public estate except in what it derives from a just and proportioned imposition upon the citizens at large.1 The focus on individuals and their economic rights are a cornerstone of conservative thought. (It should be noted here, that Burke’s version of conservatism is essentially the same as classical liberalism.) The state should not unduly interfere in the lives of its citizens. While extensive state spending—as implemented by the Danish Social Democratic party during their many years in power—may appeal to key sectors of the population (e.g. unions and students), it does nothing to provide economic opportunities for the average citizen and indeed captures many in a cycle of dependence. In this regard, the election of Rasmussen in 2001 was a breath of fresh air. He is, after all, the author of a book called From Social State to Minimal State and the author of a signature policy that freezes new taxes. He has gone someway to remake his Liberal

Journal 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal 3 - Essay Example Instead of telling us what we needed in the bag, the teacher gave us suggestions about what we might need and invited us to come up with ideas for what we would like to pack. After we finished, we discussed why we chose the items we did. I selected this activity because it gives a good example of how my teacher performed more of a helper/ mentor role with us, rather than a strict lecturer role. Due to her encouraging way of doing the lesson , there were fewer arguments than there would have been if she had required all of the students to put a predetermined list of items into the suitcase. The teacher implemented Standard 1. Promoting Child Development and Learning. She also implemented Standard 5. Using Content Knowledge to Build Meaningful Curriculum. I learned that being a helper or a mentor to children can be a smoother and more effective way to assist in the learning process of children. If I were to do this activity with my children, I would discuss with them before we began about what they might place in their suitcases. I would still discuss why the children chose the items that they did at the end of the activity. That really promoted some deeper thinking from the students in my

Societal Trends Affect Employment Business Essay

Societal Trends Affect Employment Business Essay HRP is the process by which an organization ensures that it has the right number and kinds of people, at the right places, at the right time and that these people are capable of performing their tasks effectively and efficiently. This helps the organization to achieve its overall objectives. Two major ways in which societal trends affect employment is through consumer markets, which affect the demand for goods and services, and labour markets, which affect the supply of people needed to produce goods and services. Maintaining a flexible workforce is the major challenge of the HR department and HRP helps it handle this challenge. HRP is done at different levels corporate, intermediate, and operations levels and for short-term activities. A proper human resource planning exercise should utilize the inputs of all the departments in the organization and enjoy the support of the top management. A human resource professional would be better equipped for human resource planning if he has a good understanding of the market dynamics, changes in the economy,organizational processes and technological developments. The process of HRP involves three key steps assessing and making an inventory of the current human resources, forecasting the organizations human resource needs and matching the demand and supply of human resources. Forecasting the overall human resource requirements involves studying the factors affecting the supply and estimating the increase or decrease in the external and internal supply of human resources. New hires, transfers-in, individuals returning from leave etc. increase the internal supply of human resources, while retirements, dismissals, transfers-out of the unit, lay-off, voluntary quits, sabbaticals, prolonged illness, and deaths reduce the supply. Part 1 Strategic importance or current, future anticipated HR Requirement Strategies concerns for hiring people at time of requirement and laying them off when they are not required. This strategy argument distinguish between personnel and the human resources. Human Resource Requirement is to control labour costs, looking for the talented labours or employees, making informed business decisions and assessing the future market risks. The important work of the HR people is too place right people for the right job at a right time and with the right price which an organization can afford because the employees are the main assets of the organization. H.R people plans that what the organization will need with his employees and those employees can meet the needs or the target of an organizations. The major problem now is faced by the H.R people is that this may create the gap between the organizations demand and the availability of the workforce supply, the organization is going to develop new strategies or approaches to close these gaps. Strategies as per the H.R Requirements Environment Scan Environment Scanning is a form of business intelligence. If the environment of the organization is in good, then it is easy for the new worker to mix up with the environment of the work, and it is going to help the organization that the employee or worker is giving his/her fullest working skills. Current Workforce Profile Current State is a profile of the demand and supply factors both internally and externally of the workforce the organization has today. Future Workforce View H.R people look towards the future organization that what all the requirements they need for the organization, what all the demand of the market, what sought of trend is going to be there, what will be the requirement of the employees at what price or the requirement of some other resources which may help to improve in the workforce in future and creates much better Working Environment of an organization. As well thinking about the Quantitative and Qualitative of the product and as well as for the employees.(It may be Internal or External demand and supply) Closing the Gaps The major work of the H.R people is to close gaps between the management and the employees, so that the easy flow of working can be there which will help to the organization for achieving its goals. H.R people work is to motivate the workers and employees at time of they needed, it can be in terms of money or as per the requirement of the employee or worker which an organization can easily provide while looking to the past performance of the employee. There are other things which an organization required to close those gaps, those are Resourcing, Learning and Development, Remuneration, Industrial Relations, Recruitment, Retention, Knowledge Management, Job design. HR Planning impacts on the Strategic Plan Integrating human resource management strategies and systems to achieve the overall mission, strategies, and success of the firm while meeting the needs of employees and stakeholders. (Source: Herman Schwind, Hari Das and Terry Wagar, Human Resource Management: A Strategic Approach) As per the HR plan for the Strategic Plans it may Positive or Negative too for an organizations, but we are going to discussed on the positive side of the impacts on the strategic plan. Strategy Development Develop strategies for workforce transition. -List specific goals to address workforce competency gaps or surpluses. -Changes in organizational structure -Succession planning -Retention programs -Recruitment plans -Career development programs -Leadership development -Organizational training and employee development. These are the developments which are going to impact on the organization with the help of HR planning in the strategic plan, these plans may be for the future or the current plans as per the requirements of the organization. Part 2 Human resources are the participants as also the beneficiaries of economic development process. In that, human resources figure on the demand as well as the supply side of production of goods and services in the economy. On the demand side, goods and services produced are used by the human beings to alleviate poverty, improve health, generate better living conditions, enhance general educational levels and provide better facilities for training. Utilisation of goods and services thus leads to an improvement of quality of human resources. On the supply side, human resources and capital form essential ingredients of production systems which transform natural and physical resources into goods and services. Complementarity between human resources and capital is so close that optimal increases in output and hence optimal economic growth is not possible through increases in one of them either human resources or capital at the cost of the other.Some growth of course can be had from the increase in more conventional capital even though the labour that is available is lacking both in skill and knowledge. But the rate of growth will be seriously limited. It simply is not possible to have the fruits of modern agriculture and the abundance of modern industry without making large investments in human beings . There is an optimal ratio of human resources to capital which has to be maintained to reach the attainable rate of economic growth. In this Unit we will take into account the two dimensions of human resources: Quantity and Quality in context of HRP in general and also in tourism. Quantitative and Qualitative on the basis of legal requirement of Human Resource Planning Human being is looked as productive power which is one of the part of the population of an economy and another one the human being those are without any productive power. Population Population of a country, in a generic sense, is taken as constituting the totality of all human beings of the country. The concept of population, viewed in this manner, appears to be very simple. However, in reality, the definitions used vary not only from country to country but even within a country depending on the purpose of enquiry. Broadly, the definitions of population used may be categorised into de facto and de ju re. Human resources being an integral part of population, the growth of human resources is depend on the growth of population. Population growth is measure by three factors: population structure, migration and population policies. Age Composition Age composition means dividing the population by age groups, usually five year age groups. At some point of time it shows the results of the past trends in mortality and in fertility. In the computation rate of growth of population, future births are usually computed by applying five year age specific fertility rates to the women of child bearing age (10 to 49 years) at the midpoint of each five-years time interval. It is useful in analysing and in computing of the labour supply. Normally the active age-group is being considered to be 15 to 65 years. Migration Another factor which causes changes in population is the net migration. If the net migration is positive, the population rise at a rate faster than the indicated by natural growth. If the net migration is negative then it causes decline in the rate of growth indicated by the natural growth. If population changes then it doesnt cause changes as such in the human resources. Rather than change in the economical active component of population which affects the growth in the human resources. In terms of economic activity classification, population may be divided into workers and non-workers. Workers are defined as a person who actively participate in the productive work by mentally or physically presence. It includes not only the actual work but also includes effective direction and supervision. The non workers is being categorised as : beggars, retired person, full-time students, infants and dependent doing no work, persons engaged in household duties, renters living on rent on an agricultural or non-agricultural royalty, vagrants and others with unspecified sources of income, inmates of penal, charitable and metal institutions, unemployed but available for work, and others. Labour force is that segment of population whose work is to produce goods and services demanded by the whole population they are known as economically active population also, Usually they are aged between 15-64 years. However, not everyone in the productive age-group is effectively in the labour force. According to the accepted definition, labour force comprises all persons of either sex who furnish the supply of labour available for the production of economic goods and services including:employers, employees, self-employed persons, and those engaged in family enterprises without pay. Education and Training Education and training is the most affective quality of the human resources in the terms of skills and knowledge. Educational labour demand is more than the uneducated labour in the market. Education and training serve both social and individuals ends. Education and Training affects on the culture and social for the up gradation of an individual. In other words training and education for the society means to take advantage of the technology which helps in the furthering technological progress. Depending on the methods of imparting knowledge and skills, education and training may be classified into two types: Formal and Informal. Formal education and training, which is imparted through schools and colleges, emphasises transfer of knowledge. Informal education and training such as on-the-job training and hereditary training lays stress on transfer of skills, i.e., practical application of knowledge. As far as development of education and training is concerned there are five choice areas which are critical: Choice between science and technology on the one hand, and on the other hand liberal and humanities. Choice between quality and quantity in education and training. Choice between level of education such as higher, secondary and primary education. Choice between market forces and incentives to attract people into some occupations. Choice between the aspirations of individuals and needs of the society. Health and Nutrition Health and nutrition status is one of the most important status for an human resource as significantly they contribute in building and maintaining a productive human ability as well as improving in the average expectation of life and a quality of life. There are three determinants of health status: Public sanitation, climate and availability of medical facilities. Peoples knowledge and understanding of health hygiene and nutrition. Education, health and nutrition are inter-linked and they complement each other in the process of human resources development. Equality of Opportunity Investments in human resources development do not always ensure proportionate development of all sections of population. In the absence of deliberate policy intervention, there are bound to be discriminations. We can say that there are three distinct forms of discriminations which are relevant to developing nations: Social discrimination may take either the form of sex discrimination or discrimination among different social groups or both. For example, a few years back the air hostesses of a particular airlines petitioned in the court because their retirement age was earlier than of their male counterparts. The court upheld their petition and now the retirement age of both male and female air hostesses is same. Economic discrimination takes place largely among groups of population belonging to different economic strata classified in terms of either income generating assets. Regional discrimination can be in the form of either discrimination between rural and urban population or discrimination among population belonging to different regions. These three forms of discriminations individually and/or jointly lead to inequality of opportunities of varying degree among different sections of population. Discrimination of any form causes differential access to education and training, and health and nutrition. This in turn leads to differences in quality and productivity of human resources belonging to different segments of the population with the privileged benefiting the most and under privileged being deprived of their due share in the development process. Opportunity costs of discrimination are very high, as it leads to many social and economic evils apart from retarding the pace of economic development. It has been demonstrated that the national output can be further expanded by improving the average level of productivity of each individual through appropriate social and economic policies directed towards equality to opportunity in the fields of education and health. Tourism has long been recognised as a tool for economic growth and development. However, it can be beneficial to the host economies when it creates jobs for the locals. Here qualitative dimensions of HRD become an important factor for education and training of local population as per the requirements of responsible tourism development. The dimensions, attributes and distribution of population the product of whose labour adds to national wealth constitute human resources. They are thus, the participants and beneficiaries of economic development. The demographic profile, migration and mobility and participation patterns in economic activity determine the quantitative aspects of actual and potential human resources. Investments in education and training, health and nutrition, and social welfare and quality promote quality of human resources through enhanced labour productivity. While quantitative and qualitative dimensions only regulate supply of human resources, the other aspect of human resources planning namely the demand for human resources crucially depends on the functioning and flexibility of labour markets. Labour market analysis is a principal instrument of human resources planning, as it helps identify skill shortages and also enables a diagnosis of market failure to match labour supply with demand. To facilitate labour market analysis, there is a need for a comprehensive and regularly updated labour market information system. The variables for determining the quantitative and qualitative dimension of human resource planning are: Quantitative Population policy, Population structure, Migration, and Labour force participation. Qualitative Education and training, Health and nutrition, and Equality of opportunity. These all are the points which directly or indirectly relates to the current legal requirements of the HR persons, which they had to consider while recruiting the people that what is going on in the market (in terms of population in there country, in terms of education and skills, health of the employee, age factors) Process for recruiting and selection of new staff The recruiting and selection of new staff is very sensitive because if HR people recruits any wrong person that can affect great loss to an organization and on the other hand if the recruitment is being done properly and HR people recruits right person for the right job then he/she will be useful or profitable for an organisation as well as the person who can achieve the targets of an organisation. Recruitment process can be done internally or externally that is online, telephonic, face to face interviews, exams related to the job profile. There are many ways for recruiting are as follows: Internal or External recruitment is being done. Successful Internal Recruitment. Referral Recruitment. Opening Job Position. HRM role at job interview. The attractive internal or external job poster. External Recruitment. ~ External Recruitment Success factors. ~ External Recruitment Channels. ~ Corporate website as a external recruitment job positioning tool. ~ External Recruitment Process Key Issues. ~ External Recruitment: Recruitment Agencies. ~ Setting KPIs for recruiting agencies. ~ Direct Search: The premiere external recruitment service. ~ Job Market Analysis. ~ Basic External Recruitment Measures. ~ Job website based external recruitment. ~ External Recruitment Competitive Advantage. General Recruitment ~ SWOT Analysis ~ Recruitment sources ~ Recruitment marketing ~ What is War for Talents? ~ Recruitment Strategy ~ Recruitment Strategy of differentiate ~ Recruitment Process Future ~ Recruitment Process Key Issues ~ Defining recruitment strategy ~ Best Performing Recruitment Source ~ Cost of the Recruitment Internal Recruitment ~ Internal Recruitment Benefits ~ Internal Recruitment Process Weaknesses ~ Internal versus External Job Candidates ~ Right Internal Recruitment Job Posting Job Resume ~ Quick selection of Job Resumes in Graduates Campaigns ~ Job Resume Components to Observe The Job Interview ~ Job Interview Role ~ Job Interview Preparation ~ HRM Job Interview Questions Recruitment Process Design and Developments ~ What to find out before recruitment process design? ~ Designing Recruitment Process: Recruitment Measures ~ Simple Recruitment Process wins ~ Main Recruitment Process steps ~ Recruitment Analysis ~ Recruitment Process Outsourcing [(http://hrmadvice.com/hrmadvice/hr-processes/recruitment-and-selection.html) HRM Advice,  © 2008 HRM advice] Main steps for the recruitment process are as follows:- Job Design Opening Job position. Collecting job resumes. Pre-selection of job resumes Job Interviews Job Offer [(http://hrmadvice.com/hrmadvice/hr-processes/recruitment-and-selection/recruitment-process-design-and-development/main-recruitment-process-steps.html) HRM Advice,  © 2008 HRM advice ] Part 3 The effects of the organisation environment on staff The organisation environment is being created by the organisation members itself therefore, the organisation environment effects on the staff and labour too, this includes in the internal environment of the organisation. If any of the staff is not working properly in any of the department then, it creates bad environment in the organisation, if that particular person is been not checked by his/her seniors, then while looking that particular person others also became lazy which is not good for an organisation, it may lead to the failure to achieve the goals and targets of an organisation. As some one had rightly said that, in bunch of apple if any of the apple is spoiled and it has been not throne then it spoils the whole bunch. The organisation environment effects the staff to do not achieve the organisation goals when the organisation is not providing the affective raw material to work out like the machinery, the area where the employees are going to work out, raw material are not available at the time of requirement, these all are the hindrance while achieving any goal of an organisation. There are many ways which effects the organisation environment are as follows: Person and Knowledge People those are working in an organization they should be correct skilled or knowledge people for the correct work, the age of the people affects the outcome of the work and in an department the mix people should be included as the experience people with the new people. Materials and Tools The quality and quantity of the input materials must be provided to an employees to easily work without wasting time on the collecting of materials e.g. pencil, scale, providing of the internet. The tools can be used for the labour people that the tools must working under the good condition if any requirement is there that should be told earlier to labour supervisor. Equipments The equipments must be up to the date and fit for the purpose. e.g. Assignment is being given the faculty and in the college no books are available for an particular assignment if it is available then the books are not in good condition to read out and understand it, therefore it is difficult to prepare a good and effective assignment, which leads to fail to achieve a goal. Employees motivation is also affects to an organisation, if the employees were not motivated properly at time of the motivation then it may lead to the failure of an organisation to achieve goals which affects to the environment of an organisation which affects to the other departments and at the end the environment affects on the productivity of an organisation which fails the whole process of an organisation. The Work life balance issue and the changing pattern of work practices 1) Meet needs of expansion / downsizing programmes. 2) Nature of present workforce in relation with Changing Environment helps to cope with changes in competitive forces, markets, technology, products and government regulations. 3) Cater to Future Personnel Needs. 4) Each Organisation needs personnel with necessary qualifications, skills, knowledge, experience aptitude. 5) Meet manpower shortages due to labour turnover. 6) Need for Replacement of Personnel -Replacing old, retired or disabled personnel. Shift in demand from ERP to internet programming has increased internet programmers assess staffing levels to avoid unnecessary costs. reduce delays in procuring staff. prevent shortage / excess of staff quantify job for producing product / service. comply with legal requirements determine future staff-mix quantify people positions required In organisational development, succession planning is the process of identifying and preparing suitable employees, through mentor, training and job rotation, to replace key personnel within an organisation if they leave. All employers need to consider the issue of succession planning to ensure that no part of the business is at risk should a particular member of staff leave the organisation. With good succession planning, employees are ready for new leadership roles as the need arises. Moreover, when someone leaves, a current employee is ready to step up to the plate. In addition, succession planning can help develop a diverse workforce, allowing decision makers to look at the future make-up of the organisation as a whole. Develop a succession plan for internal replacements, and if you will need to hire, think about the type of person or skills you will need so that if the situation arises you have already done some of the groundwork. In your succession plan you may wish to consider: staff interchange where employees swap jobs within the organisation in order to have experience in multiple positions; formal or informal mentor arrangements; coaching of staff; identification of suitable professional development activities for high-performing staff; making agreements to introduce flexible working arrangements; creating forward-thinking internal promotion policies; supporting staff to take increased responsibility; the allocation of higher-grade duties or assignments. Part 4 Process Steps There are four main grievance process steps: discovery, conciliation, internal review and arbitration. Discovery It means the date when the member raised any grievance against the any member or his/her senior, or it may be reasonably discovered, that particular circumstance leads to the grievance. Conciliation In this the grievance between faculty member and the board sitting in the lowest administrative is being tried to resolved as soon as possible, this is the informal effort before filing for the formal grievance. This is being assisted by a FA-appointed campus conciliator. Internal Review Hearing A informal meeting is being called by president, or the presidents designee. The president listens to the grievance, the responding administrator and their representatives as they address the allegations contained in a timely Notice of Grievance that has been filed with the District. The president writes an Internal Review Hearing decision regarding the Notice of Grievance allegations. Arbitration Hearing Before the formal hearing the arbitrator choose seven candidates from the list those are supplied by the State Conciliation Service. Both parties and all testimony as witnesses is under oath by Legal counsel. After reviewing evidence, testimony and argument briefs from both parties, the arbitrator renders a written decision that is binding on both parties. Discipline issues that result in dismissals Disciplinary and grievance procedures provide a clear and transparent framework to deal with difficulties which may arise as part of their working relationship from either the employers or employees perspective. Informal oral warning is given to the minor and not part of the formal disciplinary procedure. Formal oral warning Written warning or sometimes second time written warning. Final written warning Dismissal While given the previous warning there is effect and misconduct continues then we should move on to the next stages of the procedure. If misconduct is serious but falls short of the misconduct, then other options are transfer the worker to another job non payment of bonuses demotion Dismissal When the severest problem occurs then the dismissal is required. While giving warning it should be clear that the repetition of misconduct will be the dismissal. The dismissal can be done without giving any notice at time of the gross misconduct by the any person or pay in lieu of notice but we must try to follow the procedure. We can suspend a worker on a full pay but the investigation is being carried out. In employment contract the allowing provision of suspension is an good idea. The suspension should be made on the proper and reasonable cause and it should be used at the time of extreme and it shows that before we had consider the alternative procedure of transfer.(http://www.is4profit.com/business-advice/employment/handling-grievance-and-discipline-procedures/types-of-disciplinary-action.html , is4profit, copyright ©2000-2010 is4profit) The role of the Acas Code of Practice The Acas Code of Practice Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures was revised to reflect the removal of the statutory procedures and a new version came into force on 6 April 2009. CIPD endorses the Code. Following it is crucially important for employers: an employment tribunal will consider whether the employer has followed the Code and, if they have not, then the tribunal may adjust any awards made by up to 25% for unreasonable failure to comply. In situations where the trigger event occurs on or after 6 April 2009, an employment tribunal will consider whether the employer has followed the Acas Code and, if they have not, then the tribunal may adjust any awards made by up to 25% for unreasonable failure to comply. CIPD members can find out more on the content of the Code, the legal aspects of this topic and likely future developments from our FAQ on Discipline and grievances procedures in the Employment Law at Work area of our website. Disciplinary policy and practice Using the disciplinary process There are two main areas where a disciplinary system may be used: capability/performance and conduct. Capability/performance It happens that the performance of the employee is not up to the mark in the work place, at that time also the employer faces many difficulties and at that time employer can take some harsh steps against the employee. Many employers will have a specific capability procedure to deal with such matters and it is good that the employers deals with this issue without addressing formally, and when it arise, and the informal options are being exhausted and there is no alternative of it then the managers enter to the formal disciplinary or capability procedure. Situations where an individual is unable to do their job because of ill-health may also fall into this category. In these instances an employee should be dealt with sympathetically and offered support. However, unacceptable levels of absence could still result in the employer making use of warnings. Conduct If an employee behavior is continuously misconducting in sought of failure to follow reasonable instructions of the managem