COMPARE AND OR CONTRAST THE EFFECTS OF THE SETTING ON THE MAIN Essay

Think about AND OR CONTRAST THE EFFECTS OF THE SETTING ON THE MAIN CHARACTERS OF THE FOLLOWING TWO SHORT STORIES. THE LAST LEAF, BY WILLIAM SIDNEY PORTER (O. HEN - Essay Example To represent the different manners by which setting can be utilized to recognize and form the characters of a story, we will thoroughly analyze the impacts of setting on the fundamental characters engaged with William Sidney Porter’s â€Å"The Last Leaf† (O. Henry) and Nadine Gordimer’s â€Å"The Ultimate Safari.† In â€Å"The Last Leaf,† the story opens with a portrayal of the â€Å"crazy and broken† lanes that â€Å"make weird points and curves.† Immediately the peruser is set at the top of the priority list of either a separated piece of town or an artist’s mecca, which surely this neighborhood has become as we learn in the extremely next section. As the territory becomes related with specialists in the reader’s mind, a thought of the way of life of the zone turns out to be clear. With this relationship to the place where there is creative mind, inventiveness and pretend, the peruser is progressively disposed to trust one of the fundamental characters, Johnsy, would genuinely kick the bucket once the last leaf tumbled from the ivy vines outside her window. This conviction is, somewhat, additionally shared by her flat mate Sudie and their ground floor neighbor, Mr. Behrman. Understanding that Sudie’s dread in regards to the vine is sufficiently able to make reference to her anxiety to their neighbor shows this conviction of her roommate’s is at any rate mostly convincing to the character. This is additionally underlined as Sudie and Mr. Behrman â€Å"peered out the window dreadfully at the ivy vine. At that point they took a gander at one another for a second without speaking.† Mr. Behrman’s last perfect work of art is additionally a sign of exactly the amount he gets tied up with the idea of a craftsman who may kick the bucket basically dependent on her feelings. To differentiate against this culture, this confidence in the intensity of the vine to number out the time Johnsy has left to live, isn't shared by the great specialist, who isn't a piece of the craftsman culture and can't comprehend a lady who might live so as to some time or another paint the narrows of Naples yet not for the desire for a decent man. Be that as it may, he is a decent specialist who

Concurrent Processes In Operating Systems

Simultaneous Processes In Operating Systems The programming procedure, to utilize hinders to reenact the simultaneous execution of a few projects on Atlas PCs was known as multiprogramming. It was spearheaded by Tom Kilburn and David Howarth. Multiprogramming in early days was finished utilizing get together level language. Scarcest slip-up in projects could make program capricious henceforth testing them was troublesome likewise the get together level language had no reasonable establishment. Working frameworks structured utilizing this multiprogramming strategies became extremely enormous and flighty their originators talked about programming emergency. This made a pressing innovative work requirement for simultaneous programming strategies. PC researchers ventured out understanding the issues identified with simultaneous programming during mid 1960s, they found essential ideas, communicated them by programming documentation, remembered them for programming dialects and utilized these dialects to compose the model working frameworks. These equivalent ideas were then applied to any type of equal figuring. Presentation of Concurrent procedures in working frameworks Procedures assumed a key job in molding early working frameworks. They were for the most part run in a carefully consecutive request. Multiprogramming existed yet the procedures didn't actually run simultaneously rather a period based instrument was utilized in which a constrained measure of time was given to each procedure. Indeed, even in those days the processors speed was quick enough to give and dream that the various procedures were running simultaneously. They were called as timesharing or multiprogramming working frameworks (November 1961, called CTSS Compatible Time-Sharing System likewise Multics the ancestors of UNIX created by MIT) These sort working frameworks were extremely well known and were viewed as a forward leap during those occasions. The significant disadvantage was intricacy of the framework structure which made it hard to make it increasingly adaptable and adaptable with the goal that a solitary universally handy OS could be fabricated. Additionally the asset sharing done by these procedures was crude or wasteful and it just appeared there was a great deal of space for innovative work. Work on these working frameworks cleared a path for simultaneous procedures. A large portion of the first ideas identified with simultaneousness were created during this period. These imaginative thoughts and ideas went on become the essential standards on which todays working frameworks and simultaneous applications are structured. (A significant venture attempted by IBM toward this path was in 1964 the OS/360 for their new centralized servers framework 360) To construct dependable simultaneous procedures understanding and creating fundamental ideas for simultaneousness was significant let us talk about simultaneousness and a portion of its essential programming ideas. Simultaneousness In software engineering, simultaneousness is a property of frameworks where a few calculations are executing all the while, and conceivably cooperating with one another. [Wikipedia] Let us consider a genuine model a lodging venture, for example, the structure of a house will require some work to go on in corresponding with different works. On a fundamental level, an undertaking like structure a house doesn't require any simultaneous movement, yet an alluring component of such a venture is, that the entire assignment can be finished in shorter time by permitting different sub errands to be completed simultaneously. There is no explanation any painter can't paint the house from outside (assuming the rainclouds hold back!), while the plasterer is occupied in the upstairs rooms and the joiner is fitting the kitchen units ground floor. There are anyway a few limitations on simultaneousness which is conceivable. The block layer will typically need to hold up until the establishment of the house had been layered before he could start the errand of building the dividers. The different undertakings associated with such a venture can for the most part be viewed as free of each other, however the booking of the assignments is compelled by thoughts of an errand An unquestionable requirement be finished before task B can start A subsequent model is that of a railroad organize. Various trains making ventures inside a railroad arrange, and by diverge from the past model, when they start and they end is commonly free of the vast majority of different excursions. Where the excursions connect however is at places where courses cross or utilize regular segments of track for parts of excursions. We can in this model see the development of trains as projects in execution, and the segments of track as the assets which these projects could possibly need to impart to different projects. Consequently the two trains run simultaneously on the off chance that their courses communicate having similar assets without intruding on one another like simultaneous procedures in working frameworks. So as talked about before we comprehend that procedures are essential to actualize simultaneousness so let us examine the procedure as an idea which will acquaint us with the most significant idea for simultaneousness for example strings! Principal ideas Procedure A procedure is a running project; OS monitors running projects in type of procedures and their information. A procedure is made of various strings. Strings The need to compose simultaneous applications presented strings. At the end of the day, strings are forms that share a solitary location space. Each string has its own program counter and stack. Strings are frequently called lightweight procedures as N strings have 1 page table, 1 location space and 1 PID while N forms have N page tables, N address spaces and N PIDs. Along these lines, an arrangement of executing guidelines is known as a string that runs autonomously of different strings but can impart information to different strings straightforwardly. A string is contained inside a procedure. There can exist various strings inside a procedure that share assets like memory, while various procedures don't share these assets. A straightforward string model There are two classes characterized in this model to be specific SimpleThread which is a subclass of the Thread class and TwoThreads class. class SimpleThread expands Thread { open SimpleThread(String str) { super(str); } open void run() { for (int I = 0; I { System.out.println(i + getName()); Attempt { sleep((int)(Math.random() * 1000)); } get (InterruptedException e) {} } System.out.println(DONE! + getName()); } } The strategy SimpleThread() is a constructor which sets the Threads name utilized later in the program. The activity happens in the run() technique which contains a for circle that emphasizes multiple times that shows the emphasis number and the name of the Thread, at that point dozes for an irregular interim of as long as a second. The TwoThreads class gives a principle() technique that makes two SimpleThread strings named London and NewYork. class TwoThreads { open static void principle (String[] args) { new SimpleThread(London).start(); new SimpleThread(NewYork).start(); } } The principle() technique likewise begins each string promptly following its development by calling the beginning() strategy. Following ideas are generally utilized at the string level and furthermore the issues examined are experienced while executing simultaneousness. Race condition A race condition happens when different procedures get to and control similar information simultaneously, and the result of the execution relies upon the specific request wherein the entrance takes place.[http://www.topbits.com/race-condition.html] It isn't so natural to distinguish race condition during program execution on the off chance that it is seen that the estimation of shared factors is flighty, it might be caused due to race condition. In simultaneous programming there are more than one legitimate conceivable string executions thus request of string execution can't be anticipated. Race condition may deliver unsure outcomes. Result of race condition may happen after quite a while. So as to forestall unusual outcomes due to race condition, following strategies are utilized Common rejection Shared rejection (frequently condensed to mutex) calculations are utilized in simultaneous programming to maintain a strategic distance from the synchronous utilization of a typical asset, for example, a worldwide variable, by bits of PC code called basic segments. (Wikipedia) - Critical Region (CR) A piece of code that is constantly executed under common prohibition is known as a basic district. Because of this, the compiler rather than the developer should watch that the asset is nor being utilized nor alluded to outside its basic districts. While programming, basic area lives when semaphores are utilized. CRs are required just if the information is writeable. It comprises of two sections: Factors: These must be gotten to under shared avoidance. New dialect articulation: It distinguishes a basic area that approaches factors. There are two procedures in particular An and B that contain basic locales for example the code where shared information is decipherable and writable. - Semaphores Semaphores are components which secure basic areas and can be utilized to execute condition synchronization. Semaphore typifies the common variable and utilizing semaphore, just permitted set of activities can be completed. It can suspend or wake forms. The two activities performed utilizing semaphores are pause and sign, otherwise called P and V individually. At the point when a procedure performs P activity it advises semaphore that it needs to utilize the common asset, if the semaphore is free the procedure accesses the mutual variable and semaphore is decremented by one else the procedure is deferred. On the off chance that V activity is performed, at that point the procedure advises the semaphore that it has completed the process of utilizing shared variable and semaphore esteem is augmented by one. By utilizing semaphores, we endeavor to maintain a strategic distance from other multi-programming issue of Starvation. There are two sorts of Semaphores: Paired semaphores: Control access to a solitary asset, taking the estimation of 0 (asset is being used) or 1 (asset is accessible). Tallying semaphores: Control access to different assets, along these lines expecting a scope of nonnegative qualities. - Locks The most widely recognized approach to

The Day My Dad Didnt Make it Home from Work - by Marianne Worley, Business Writing Consultant at The Essay Expert

The Day My Dad Didnt Make it Home from Work - by Marianne Worley, Business Writing Consultant at The Essay Expert [Reposted with the permission of the very talented business/marketing writer Marianne Worley, consultant at The Essay Expert. This poignant story was originally posted on her blog, Marketing Matters and Other Stories. I didnt even have to think before asking her if I could post it to The Essay Experts blog on Memorial Day.] The day was Monday, April 21, 2008. My phone rang just after 9pm. I checked the caller IDâ€"it was my brother Nolan. Instinctively, I knew something was wrong, very wrong. My Dad had been in an accident and was being taken to a hospital about 20 miles north of my house. We didn’t know anything more. I quickly got dressed, jumped in my car, and hit the gas pedal. About 5 minutes later, my brother called again. Now Dad was being transported by helicopter to the much larger hospital just a few miles from my house. I got off the freeway and drove back the other way. My brother, sister-in-law, and I arrived at the hospital around the same time. The helicopter was still in flight, so we staked out seats in the busy emergency room to wait, still perplexed about what had happened to our Dad. After my stepmom and sister rushed in, we learned the whole story. My Dad usually came home from work around 5 or 6, so when it started to get dark and he still wasn’t home, my stepmom picked up the phone to make some increasingly frantic calls. My Dad was notorious for sporadically answering cell calls. As a contractor, he was constantly breaking and losing mobile phones. She wasn’t surprised when he didn’t answer, so she dialed his friends and clients. He had left the job site hours earlier, but no one knew where he was. My stepmom and sister decided to drive to the job site to look for him. They found his empty work truck on the side of the road with the driver’s side door open. They called 911 and nearby friends who could help with the search. There was a small creek parallel to the road with a steep bank covered in thick, muddy vegetation. My athletic sister charged down the hill and found him lying unconscious in the creek, pale and covered with dirt. The paramedics pulled him up on a rescue stretcher and loaded him into the helicopter. This process doesn’t take a few minutes, like it does on TV and in the movies. The rescue actually took more than an hour. The helicopter finally arrived, but still we knew nothing about his condition. We assumed it was a stroke, or something similar. When they finally let us in to see him, we discovered that he had suffered some sort of episode, possibly a seizure, and was experiencing pronounced weakness on one side of his body. It looked like a stroke, but he was stable. So they admitted him and scheduled an MRI for the next morning. The following day, the doctors confirmed that the MRI results showed that it looked like a stroke. We felt relieved. We knew a brain tumor would be a much more deadly diagnosis. But they still wanted to get a new MRI, with contrast, the next day to be sure. On Wednesday, April 23, 2008, our lives changed forever. The new MRI showed that it wasn’t a strokeâ€"it was a brain tumor. They called in a neurosurgeon for a consultation. My education in neurology commenced that day. I carried a notebook at all times. I scribbled down details from the doctors during the day and did online research at night. Over the next 7 months, my Dad had a biopsy and was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive form of brain cancer. Our doctor decided to treat with radiation and chemotherapy, not surgery. I knew that without surgery, the 6-month survival rate was almost zero. When I pressed him, he said he could do the surgery if we got a second opinion from one of the neurosurgeons he recommended. After many phone calls, I got an appointment with one of the top experts in the country at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles. The neurosurgeon just needed to see my Dad’s (now enormous) medical file, along with all of his MRI results. We got his opinion, and my Dad had surgery to remove the tumor. Although the surgery was successful, he still needed radiation and chemo to stave off regrowth, which is incredibly common. I researched clinical trials and spoke to doctors at UCLA and UC San Francisco. My Dad didn’t qualify for any trials and his prognosis was grave. By September, the tumor was back, bigger than before. We tried some experimental chemo drugs, but nothing helped. My Dad wasted away before our eyes, until we finally called in hospice care in November. On December 3rd, the hospice nurse told us that the end was near, so we gathered together to say goodbye. We stayed up pretty late, but finally succumbed to our own fatigue and reluctantly went to bed. Just before 4:30am, I awoke suddenly and sat bolt upright. I went downstairs and the nurse told me she had just checked on my Dadâ€"he was still hanging in there. When I went to his bedside, I touched his hands and face. I didn’t think he was breathing, so I woke up my stepmom, who had decided to take a quick nap just minutes before. He was gone. We all gathered around his bed and cried again. A week or so later, my sister Whitney and I, always the Daddy’s-Little-Girl types, decided to get tattoos to celebrate our Dad’s life. She got an elegant “W” and I got an infinity sign with a “W” in the middle. Worley forever. My Dad was never called to battle in Vietnam, but that doesn’t mean he didn’t fight a war. So on this Memorial Day, I remember all who have fallen in war, including the continuing war on cancer. ____________________ I haven’t met anyone who hasn’t been touched in some way by cancer. The next time you’re thinking about making a cash donation to a charity, please consider one of the organizations in the fight against cancer, including the American Brain Tumor Association. Thanks for reading this very personal story. I’m sharing it because it shaped who I am today. Many thanks to my fellow blogger The JackBâ€"his post from yesterday inspired me to write this. I haven’t met anyone who hasn’t been touched in some way by cancer. The next time you’re thinking about making a cash donation to a charity, please consider one of the organizations in the fight against cancer, including the American Brain Tumor Association.

Short Story - 896 Words

When you’re back from the runs you dont feel better. Your legs havent gotten stronger like your wifes. Your abdomen, after an entire month, looks the same. Not any flatter. You have this weird habit now. At work functions, at the grocery store, at the Irish pub you stop at on Friday nights, you examine two people who seem like a pair. You weigh their looks against the other. Does her big nose compensate for his double chin? If they stood next to each other, could you point out the flaws, the beautiful things in both of them separately? Is there an even amount? Most of the time there is, but when theres not, it rocks your world. As you drive home alone from the Burton’s anniversary party one night, you remember their wedding. Margaret†¦show more content†¦She asks once, in the winter, if she can come and what you want to say is, As soon as you stop this running nonsense, this losing weight, this showering in our dead sons bathroom. You tell her someone needs to watch the house instead. You go for the longest time in the spring. A week and a half. When you tell Margaret, she doesnt look up from folding laundry. You ask if she heard you and when she doesnt answer right away, you think of her backside, nude, standing before the shower that one morning a few years ago. You wonder if her mind still lingers there too. I heard you, she says quietly, but her voice is a robot’s. It could care less. You arrive at your parents’ condo. The complex with its gardens of cigarette butts, its overflowing garbage cans, always makes you wonder if anyone there thinks about happiness, if they have it, if they care to have it. After River’s funeral, your parents stayed at your house for a week. They havent been back since. You want to tell them the house is still spotless, just as they left it. All your wife does is run and clean. Instead, you sit with them on the back balcony every night and let the silence hover, turn into comfort. A glass of spiked lemonade is placed before you during these silences and when its gone your mother always refills it. By the time youre at the condo pool on a Saturday, two days before the trip is over, youre buzzed. The drinks wereShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Positive Effect of Peer Pressure - 954 Words

- CONCEPT PAPER GUIDELINES I. TITLE Positive effect of peer pressure to teens II. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study As children grow into preteens and then into teenagers, they often become less dependent on the family and more dependent on their peers when it comes to making choices and developing morals and values. Peer pressure can have a positive effect when it encourages teens to develop social skills necessary for adulthood. Unfortunately, negative behaviours tend to travel through groups of teenagers, either due to actual peer pressure or the perception of pressure from friends. By having a close relationship with your teen and by providing†¦show more content†¦It is in the framework where the present research problem under study evolved. 2. Authors of these theories and principles should be cited. As much as possible research findings and theories should beShow MoreRelatedPositive Effect of Peer Pressure962 Words   |  4 Pages CONCEPT PAPER GUIDELINES I. TITLE Positive effect of peer pressure to teens II. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study As children grow into preteens and then into teenagers, they often become less dependent on the family and more dependent on their peers when it comes to making choices and developing morals and values. Peer pressure can have a positive effect when it encourages teens to develop social skills necessary for adulthood. UnfortunatelyRead MorePositive Effects of Peer Pressure Essay561 Words   |  3 PagesPositive Effects of Peer Pressure When you think of the words â€Å"peer pressure’, what is the first thing that comes to mind? Majority of us would say that peer pressure is an influence from friends or classmates to do something risky that results in delinquent activities. Some people conform to such ways because as they say, â€Å"Everyone is doing it.† What if I told you that there is a positive side to peer pressure? Yes, you can be pressured into making the right choices. It can teach you to be matureRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Peer Pressure1479 Words   |  6 PagesPeer pressure is a social issue that has been around in the past and will last in the future. It is one thing that all teenagers have in common. It is highly influential with positive and negative effects. Some teenagers are more likely to give in whereas others are more likely to stand their ground. The feeling of belonging and social acceptance is considered very important, while social rejection and exclusions are very much feared. Peer pressure is defined as a feeling of pressure to engageRead MoreA Standard Multiple Regression Was Performed Investigating The Effect Of Age710 Words   |  3 PagesA standard multiple regression was performed investigating the effects of age, gender, perceived peer pressure about environmentally conscious behaviour, and selfishness on participation in environmentally conscious behaviour. Preliminary results indicated that higher scores on peer pressure were associated with higher scores on behaviour. Results also indicated that there were no significant relationships between scores on age, gender or selfishness, and scores on behaviour. Results indicated thatRead MorePeer Presure at School794 Words   |  3 PagesPeer Pressure at School Every human being has an inner feeling of wanting to belong somewhere. Even belonging to one’s family is not enough. Individual will strive to belong to a wider group existing within his or her environment. Consequently, this exposes one to peer pressure. Peer pressure is the influence exerted on an individual by a person or a group to do something or act in a manner that he or she would otherwise not consider doing on his or her own. 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Teenagers feel social pressure in numerous ways such as clothing, music and entertainment choices, to unsafe areas such as drugs, alcohol and smoking. During adolescence, kids emphasize their independence and explore their identity. Yet they still crave the approval of their peers and worryRead MorePeer Pressure1013 Words   |  5 PagesPeer pressure From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Peer pressure is influence that a peer group, observers or individual exerts that encourages others to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform the group norms. Social groups affected include membership groups, in which individuals are formally members (such as political parties and trade unions), or social cliques in which membership is not clearly defined. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to theseRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Peer Pressure1532 Words   |  7 Pages Peer Pressure: An Epidemic We all have been young adolescents before and experienced all the things junior high and high school has to offer. Being a teenager is something everyone has or will experience in our life times. Teenagers go through a crucial time in their lives where they really figure out who they are and how to make more adult decisions. Peer pressure has always been a regular part of teenage life. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry states â€Å"Peers play a large roleRead MorePeer Pressure Affects Academic Performance of Second Year Students1117 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Peer Pressure Affects Academic Performance of Second Year Students Dependent Variable: Academic performance of second year students Independent Variable: Peer Pressure Objective: To know how academic performance among second year high school students is being affected by peer pressure. Introduction: To be successful in life, one must begin by being successful in school. In high school, we were all told to work hard so that we could get good grades and scores that would get

Human Rights Problem Free Essays

string(64) " favor their own ethnic groups and ethnic favoritism persisted\." On May 21, 1999, a local road construction company, Dumez Limited, attacked a group of peaceful protesters with clubs, daggers, axes, machetes, and other dangerous weapons. Tension began to arise when on April 26, 1999 the company began destroying newly planted crops of local farmers in the Ogoni kingdom of Gokana. They did so without paying adequate compensation for the crops or carrying out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the road project, as required by international environmental standards. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights Problem or any similar topic only for you Order Now On May 8, 1998, a Human Rights Defender, Olisa Agbakoba, was arrested at Murtala International Airport in Lagos. The arresting officers were members of the Security Force, an agency of the Nigerian government. No reason for his arrest was given. This arrest was preceded by an earlier encounter in March 1998 where he was attacked and arrested by members of the Nigerian Police when he tried to speak at a pro-democracy rally in Yaba, Lagos. On January 8th and March 23rd of 1998, Batom Mitee and Barileresi Mitee who are brothers of Ledum Mitee, President of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), were arrested. No charges were ever given for their arrests. Batum Mitee was kept detained for several weeks without having access to his lawyers, his family, or a doctor. On January 18, 1998 he was brought before a judge who declared that the case was not within his competence because of its political character. Mitee was later transferred to a military hospital because of the beatings and ill treatment inflicted by the military. These incidents of brutality and harassment are just a few examples of the abuse by members of the police, security forces, and Nigerian government and how it remains to be a persistent human rights problem. There are numerous underlying factors that contribute to the problem of human rights in Nigeria. One the major factors is that of religion. Religious differences often correspond to regional and ethnic differences. For example, the northern region is overwhelmingly Muslim, as are the large Hausa and Fulani ethnic groups of that area. Many southern ethnic groups are predominantly Christian. About half the country†s population practice Islam and about 40% practice Christianity. Approximately 10% practice exclusively traditional indigenous religions or no religion at all. Many persons practice both elements of Christianity or Islam and elements of an indigenous traditional religion. Consequently, it is difficult to distinguish religious discrimination from ethnic and regional discrimination, which is pervasive. Although the government has never outlawed proselytizing, it continues to discourage and criticize it publicly because it believes that it stimulates religious tensions. Both Christian and Muslim organizations allege that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Immigration Department restricted the entry into the country of certain religious practitioners, particularly persons suspected of intending to proselytize. Consequently, Nigeria†s constitution prohibits state and local governments from adopting an official religion. Though Nigerian law prohibits religious discrimination, it is common for government officials to discriminate against persons who practice a religion different from their own, notably in hiring or awarding contracts. There have been documented reports of harassment of Christian missions by local government officials in predominantly Islamic regions. In April and again in August 1998, the local council of Lafia, in Nasarawa State, reportedly ordered the closure of a Protestant Christian mission church in connection with a dispute about the mission†s title to the land. In March 1998, State Security Service officers detained and interrogated the mission†s pastor. The mission sought to convert members of the generally Islamic Kambari ethnic group. The lack of concern for the environment and the people that it affects has also been a major concern in the struggle for human rights. Since 1958, oil companies such as Shell have exploited oil wealth in the region of the Ogoni people. As a consequence, they have suffered extreme economic deprivation and the environmental devastation of their land. Since Shell began drilling in Nigeria†s Niger Delta, it has spilled oil on farmland and in water sources, bulldozed across farms and flared gas just meters from Ogoni villages. The people of Ogoniland suffer extreme health problems from the air and water pollution. The Nigerian military has played a significant role in the continued persecution of the Ogoni. When the Ogoni began to demand environmental justice, villages were attacked, villagers were killed and their leader was executed by the judgment of a military court. Shell has even admitted to paying the military, which brutally silences voices crying for justice from the government of Nigeria and Shell, along with other multinational oil corporations. Shell is only one of many multinational oil corporations operating in Nigeria. Mobil, Chevron, and Texaco are also found in Nigeria, operating as partners of the Nigerian government, as required by Nigerian law. â€Å"Shell is certainly not the only Oil Corporation that abuses its money, power, and feeling of superiority over the people of Nigeria. † The country†s population of about 120 million is ethnically diverse, comprising more than 250 ethnic groups, many of which speak distinct primary languages and are concentrated geographically. There is no majority ethnic group. The three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa-Fulani of the north, Yoruba of the southwest, and Igbos of the southeast, who together make up about two-thirds of the population. The fourth largest group, the Ijaw, has a population of approximately 12 million. â€Å"Societal discrimination on the basis of ethnicity is widely practiced by members of all ethnic groups and is evident in private sector hiring patterns, de facto ethnic segregation of urban neighborhoods and a continuing paucity of marriage across major ethnic and regional lines. There is a long history of tension among diverse ethnic groups. Although the country†s successive constitutions all have prohibited ethnic discrimination by the State, northerners and particularly Hausas have long been predominant in the national government, including the military officer corps. Tradition continued to impose considerable pressure on individual government officials to favor their own ethnic groups and ethnic favoritism persisted. You read "Human Rights Problem" in category "Essay examples" Resentment of northern domination of the Government aggravated by the suspension of federal decentralization under the Abacha regime and resentment of Igbo success in private commerce, have contributed to ethnic and regional tensions. Possibly the most controversial issue within Nigeria is that of the political structure of the government. Since Nigeria received its independence from Britain, in 1960, there has been conflict in regards to the military and authoritarian system of government that existed. The citizens of Nigeria have longed for a democratic system of government that included themselves as active proponents. Nigeria became a Republic in 1963 and Nnamdi Azikiwe was made the President of the Federal Republic. In January of 1966, some Igbo army officials staged a coup d†etat to overthrow the government, who were primarily Hausa, because they objected to the population census. They felt it over estimated that number of people in the northern region thereby giving them a larger representation in the federal parliament. They succeeded in killing many of the senior officers but Azikiwe was not harmed. As a result of the attempted coup, the government promised a progressive program, a return to civilian rule determined by elections, and vowed to stamp out corruption and violence. Though idealistic in theory, these promises were never realized. Instead, it became the common practice of the government to consider democracy, but continue to practice authoritarian rule. Nigeria would bear witness to numerous coup attempts over the next three decades, most involving the transition to democracy. It wasn†t until the death of Sani Abacha, possibly the most famous President of Nigeria, in June 1998 that civilian rule would be realized. A new transition program was established that would lead the country back to democracy by Abdulsalam Abubakar, the man chosen to replace Abacha. After a series of elections, Olusegun Obasanjo was declared the new and current, democratically elected president on May 29, 1999. At the end of May 1999, Nigeria completed its transition from authoritarian rule to a formal democracy. A number of Nigerian groups have managed to create strong institutional structures, with narrowly defined mandates and internal staff structures as well as program plans. While there are still growing pains within many of these groups, this type of planning process has resulted in â€Å"the Nigerian human rights community†s being far ahead of its anglophone neighbors in putting human rights institutions into place. † The Center for Advanced Social Sciences (CASS) was formed in 1992 and is based in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. CASS is a think tank concerned with improving management and public policy in Africa. It has a Board of Trustees and is governed by an international Board of Directors. The Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), established in 1987, is one of Nigeria†s largest human rights organizations. The CLO is a non-governmental organization set up for the defense and expansion of human rights and civil liberties. It investigates human rights abuses and campaigns through litigation, publications, and communications with the government on behalf of people whose rights have been abused. Another human rights advocate is the Constitutional Rights Project (CRP) that was set up in 1990. Their aims are to ensure that Nigerian legislation conforms to international standards, monitor institutions whose activity impact on the rights of citizens, and to provide legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses. The cry for human rights reform in Nigeria hasn†t fallen on deaf ears from those of the international community. On November 12, 1998 the 53rd session of the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) met to discuss the situation of human rights in Nigeria. The General Assembly reaffirmed that Nigeria is a party to the International Covenant on Human Rights and thereby making it a Member State. All Member States have an obligation to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. The Nigerian government was â€Å"strongly encouraged† that the establishment and strengthening of national structures and institutions in the field of human rights are of the utmost importance for the promotion and protection of human rights in Nigeria. The sanctions imposed on Nigerian government by the European Union, the Commonwealth and the government of the United States of America were to be lifted in light of the progress made towards the restoration of democratic government and respect for human rights. The Nigerian government in its transition to democracy was applauded for its establishment of the Independent National Electoral Commission and the issuance of a detailed timetable for the election process. Overall, the UN General Assembly was satisfied with the progress of the Nigerian government in its transition to democracy. Nigeria has seen some very turbulent times in its history as it relates to democracy and human rights. Democracy consolidation, which appears to be the most immediate challenge for the human rights movement in post transition Nigeria, will require forward thinking and cohesive action on the part of the human rights community. It has been clearly demonstrated that in Africa relatively free and fair elections observed by international monitor and elaborate â€Å"handing over ceremonies† will not necessarily bring about genuine democracy and a human rights culture. Civil society organizations will have to work gradually to expand the democratic space and rebuild the institutions of civil society. The long years of military dictatorship have decimated these institutions and virtually erased the rule of law according to AFRONET Reports. Though politicians glibly vocalize democratic jargon, it is still evident that democratic values and attitudes are not yet commonplace in the political class. Also, among ordinary Nigerians, popular mentalities need to change; the people have become accustomed to not expecting anything but the worst from their leaders in terms of political leadership, economic management and respect for civil liberties and human dignity. The average Nigerian has been driven by economic hardship to adopt a survivalist mode of life in which he or she is preoccupied with access to the bare necessities of life and does not demand or expect accountability or respect for human rights from their leaders. The Nigerian government, though its history is not favorable, is making sincere efforts to overwrite its history. But unless the human rights community and the people they represent adopt a more positive attitude towards its government, change can not be realized. How to cite Human Rights Problem, Essay examples

Significance of Organisation Culture in an Organisation free essay sample

With respect to several researchers and authors analysis a close link has been made between organisational culture and corporate performance. Some of the research studies have established a very close link between the two and concluded that it does exist (Denison 1990; Gordon DiTomaso 1992; Kotter Heskett; Petty et al. 1995; Wilderom Vanden Berg. ) Variety of definitions have been used to define â€Å"Organisation Culture† In simple words it maybe well defined as the customs, behaviours and artifacts that the members of society use to communicate with the world from one another and is transmitted to one another through the mode of culture. The surroundings of an organization maybe judged on the pattern of responses publicized, developed, or conjured during the groups record of dealing with problems which may arise from relations along with its members among them and their environment. A commendable organization culture gives us the â€Å"sense† of an organization and determines what is considered right or wrong and how it responds to the unforeseen crisis, jolts, and sudden change. All new employees must assimilate this code to know the correct way to behave and what to expect from other employees. Organizational culture is the sum total of an organizations past and current assumptions, experiences, philosophy, and values that hold it together, and are expressed in its sense of self, inner workings, relations with the outer world, and future expectations it manifests in (1) The ways the organization conducts its business, treats its employees, customers, and the wider community, (2) The extent to which autonomy and freedom is allowed in decision making, developing new ideas, and personal expression, 3) How power and information flow through its hierarchy, (4) The strength of employee commitment towards collective objectives. In simple words it may be termed as â€Å"Its how we do things here,† it is unique for every organization and one of the hardest things to change. To run a business sound and effectual decisions are obligatory. The achievement of business and its expansion is extensively dependent on the management of any organization. Most of the flourishing busines ses are good examples of good management and its effectiveness. It is the management that can boost the business to extreme heights or bring it down to decline. Management  takes care of the decisions that are made and carried out within an organization. The term management also refers to the executives who make these decisions. This particular kind of organization is of relatively recent origin. Management must systematize the firm and choose and train human resources. It must synchronize production, purchasing, research sales and finance. It must plan for future growth and development of the firm. A good administration panel organize  a chain of command by means of which it divides responsibility and delegates authority. A number of scholars have developed integrative frameworks of organizational culture (Allaire and Firsirotu, 1984; Hatch, 1993; Martin, 1992; Ott, 1989; Schein, 1985, 1990), but slight consent exists with consideration to a specific theory. Since culture is a complex phenomenon, ranging from underlying beliefs and assumptions to visible structures and practices, some observers question whether culture can actually be â€Å"measured† in a comparative sense. Research on the link between organizational culture and efficiency is also restricted by lack of conformity about the suitable course of efficiency. In Rajesh Tandon’s paper on Organisational Effectiveness – A Comparative Analysis he discusses briefly about how intricate few modern organisations systems are and how rapidly changes are being taken place. For their growth depends upon their internal and external factors with respect to their endurance and expansion capacity for how adequately it’s varying. Changes are being closer together for effective means of â€Å"recent validity†. In order to achieve the targets and clear the â€Å"excellence gap† organisations are moving forward through a complex social process. An analytical mechanism is to be intended which must be proficient of providing significant statistics about the environment and state of the administration. To, that degree the mechanism must be a contract for maintaining an equilibrium between simplification and specificity, that is, it must be able to act in response to the explicit environment which is on the basis of an appropriate presumption to establish its present state. Likert believes that such a capability can be introduced in an execution where by manufacturing it can be capable of measuring the outcome, dominant and calm variables and most appreciably their affairs as maintained in a management. Revolutions are being taken place and alternatives are being offered to for the effectiveness of an organisation as the extent to which an organization fulfills the objectives (Thibodeaus and Favilla, 1995). In Daniel R. Denison and Aniel. K Mishra paper â€Å"Organizational Culture and Effectiveness† purpose was to produce a trial representation of the culture qualities that come into sight that may portray efficient organizations. Their objective was to develop a precise presumption about culture and efficiency in organization that can broaden the hidden, but often outright themes that appear in many culture studies: The first uses qualitative studies of five organizations to widen proposition about four intellectual qualities and their connection to efficiency. The second then represents a quantitative test of these four proposition by comparing CEO’s insight of culture with biased and endeavour instrument of efficiency in 764 organizations. Crises are a useful vehicle with which we are able to assess team performance. By definition a crisis generates a substantial claim on the organisations that plays host to it. The administration of work and its effects has been a key motivating factor within an organisation psychology. hilosophy and principles instilled in them by means of their perceptive of the organisational culture of their company, it may directly affect the way in which they interact with not only fellow colleagues, but more importantly, outside entities such as customers, clients and suppliers. The values and beliefs of an organisation are an appearance of the kinds of goal that its members should strive to meet, as well as ideas about the standard of behaviour members should make use of in achieving these goals. From these organisational values will develop guidelines and expectations, prescribing the kinds of behaviour deemed appropriate for employees to demonstrate in particular situations, thus guiding and controlling the interaction of all members of the organisation will bring about a positive out come of so under all means. Therefore the effect of this will be to give an overall corporate â€Å"feel† to all internal and external interactions. Most managers are effectively introducing a new way of running into the culture of an organization often results in discontented employees which may not dwell into the new program. Staff resistance to the required change is often excessive and often a point that has led some researchers to suggest that it may be easier and less costly to start a completely new organization than to change an existing one (Thompson and Luthans, 1990). Adopting a TQM initiative in an organization is typical of such an effort to change the way an organization operates. Success requires extensive preparation and constant, total-staff commitment. Organizations should provide employees with an acknowledged, steady way of dealing with their environments (Wilson, 1989). Execution of alteration initiatives may become even more difficult when the organization is a public agency, as managers are forced to use nonmaterial rewards as incentives. An organisation culture plays a very important role in building up an organisation’s worth in the job market. To achieve the maximum bit of it core values must be expanded and translated into operating principles. Each member of an organization should be in easy-to-understand terms. Failure to have a shared code of conduct can produce disastrous results in any organization. Too often, organizations suffer from partial paralysis due to unclear operating principles. Without clear operating principles, meetings disintegrate into endurance sessions or grudge matches. Each member of the organization develops his or her own set of operating principles, generally based upon personal strengths. Controlled chaos reigns. Many have died from lack of clarity The functions of every individual of every team in any organization must be hooked into the Vision and Mission. A Code of Conduct helps an organization determine HOW they are going to do the WHAT. It is wise for an organization to expand its core values into operating principles to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the words themselves. For instance, in some organizations, the core value of honesty becomes a visible operating principle when associates tell clients the truth about a problem in their organizations instead of lying to gain a lucrative contract. The core value of caring becomes an operating principle as respect and concern is shown for each person with whom we work, regardless of his or her position. This simple procedure of expanding our values into a set of positive behaviours has, in effect, created a companys culture, resulting in a good reputation with customers and others in our community. Written operating principles are designed to take ambiguity out of core values.